Final Exam Review Flashcards
MSO
- Multiple system Operator
- Most cable systems are owned by a big operator company that owns several.
- Comcast being the largest
Designated Market Area’s
- 400 to 500 households are measured in each DMA
- local audience measurements
Late Fringe
- after primetime
- 10:30pm and on
- Kimmel, Leno, and Letterman
Edwin Armstrong
-Inventor of FM, frequency modulation
General Electric
- up until about a year ago controlled NBC
- now Comcast does.
- In an article from twitter he said that Comcast was buying out the remaining 49% that GE held.
Repurposing
- if you have all the properties you can take the content/programming you have and channel it to different areas
- You can put it on cable, broadcasting, internet.
- There is lots of ways to use the content and make money off if it.
Ratings
- are computed by dividing the estimated number of households watching a particular program by the estimated number of households that have TVs.
Shares
- are computed by dividing the estimated number of households watching a particular program (HUTS) by the estimated number of households that actually have their televisions turned on during the time period
Carnegie Comission
- President Johnson appoints the Carnegie commission on educational television to study “educational broadcasting” in the US.
- Recommendations: replace the term educational with public, provide federal government funding.
CBP Johnson
- Corporation for Public Broadcasting formed to distribute grants to individuals and organiations for producing programs to CPB-qualified stations for operations and maintence.
- Private corporation created ad funded by the federal government. Does not produce or distribute programs.
Super Stations
- Created by Ted Turner
- Local stations that are distributed nationally
O.W.N.
- Discovery Health was repurposed in the OWN when ratings were suffering
- got highest ratings with Lance Armstrong interview
Ted Turner
- bought a UHF station (later renames to WTBS) in Atlanta and put the signal on satellite and created the first Super Stations.
- In 1980 he launched CNN which is now a division of Time Warner.
Vertical Integration
- What you find with many big conglomerates.
- Where they make the product, distribute product, and own the product.
- They can sell it and re-sell it again.
- Comcast, NBC, Universal Studios
ABC
: Paul Lee -> Ann Swinney -> Robert Iger -> Disney
NBC
Bob Greenblatt -> Stephen Burke -> Brian Voss -> Comcast
CBS
Nina Tesler -> Leslie Moonves -> Sumner Redstone -> National Amusement
FOX
Kevin Riley -> Rupert Murdoch -> NewsCorp
22 Episodes
- typical broadcast network season
- Cable does 13
CSI
Jerry Bruchheimer
Clear Channel, San Antonio
- Largest radio owner.
- Based in San Antonio
- Might be referred to as CC Holdings in some articles.
- Lowry Mayes founded it, family is still involved (<- probably useless information)
Jeopardy Syndicated
- King World
- Owned by CBS
KLRU
- PBS Station
- Austin
- ACL
- Willie Nelson
Blunting
- Opposite of counter programming
- Scheduling a program with identical appeal to a competitor
Counter Programming
- offer TV programs to attract an audience from another TV station that is airing a major event
Howard Stern
- Highest paid individual
- Works for Sirius Xm
- Gets paid $100 million/yr
Off-Network Syndication
- Shows that aired initially on the networks
Syndication # of Episodes
- 66 episodes, 3 seasons worth
- Needs to make 5 yrs. to be marketable in syndication
- Which is a promise to get to 100 because you don’t want to get repeated
- It needs to be able to be played everyday
Franchise Agreements
- Applies for cable operators, for the system to be operational to go into business they have to figure out a way to get the shows and channels to you.
- To get the cable to you that have to dig up “right always” or put up poles and the local governments control that.
- Nature has changed over the past 5 years because telephone companies who already have the poles and infrastructure already have it all and do not have to go to the local government.
Marketable Off-network Syndication
?
Churn Rate
- College markets have a huge churn rate with people leaving quite frequently, unstable for cable systems
- Subscribers coming and going.
114 million households
- Neilson ratings says that nationally 114 million households have television.
- They use this number in calculating their national ratings. Apart of the calculation.
Appointment Viewing
- if you wanted to watch a show you better be in front of the TV when it comes on.
VCR, DVR, On Demand, Online
- so now we have plenty of ways to access a show whenever we want to see it.
Largest Cable System Operator
- Comcast is the largest with 22.9 million subscribers
February and July Viewership
- February
- Highest viewing rates
- July
- Lowest viewing rates
ESPN
- among the cable channels available this one collects the most in subscription fees.
- Has high attention programming, and loyal followers.
- Owned by Disney.
Ken Burns
- PBS
- Makes award winning documentary’s for public television
- Civil war being the most prominent but he continues year after year
Early Fringe
- Right before primetime 4:00-6:00
- It is important for local broadcasters because they want to put something relatives popular there to promote their newscast
- Was Oprah for awhile, now Ellen
I Love Lucy
- 1953
- Three camera technique
- First successful syndicated product shot on film.
- Had the highest rated episode of all time, got over 70% of all households.
- Lucille Ball and Desi Arnez (he was executive producer).
- Also created Star Trek and Mission Impossible
Voice Tracking
- Technique used at radio stations now where they have their voices, air personalities, in maybe a half our/45 minutes and they do an entire show.
- They do their “bits”.
- It is a way for broadcasters to now pay less to get more.
- Con: it isn’t live and as spontaneous as it use to be.
DirecTV
Satellite
Alex Trebek
Jeopardy
ASCAP, BMI, SESAC
- Radio
- Composers write songs and they want to be paid for those songs. We have these groups called ASCAP, BMI, SESAC.
- They collect money from radio stations and other venues such as bars, or anywhere that music is preformed.
- Royalties should be paid. They collect it and disperse the money to the composers.
Reginald Fessenden
- First broadcaster
- Brant Rock, Massachusetts.
- December 24, 1906
- Played a phonograph record
- Read from the book of Luke
- Played violin.
- He advertised it prior.
Non-commercial Cable Networks
- Government
- Community
- Religious
Focus Group
- 10 to 12 people in a group
- They preview a show, then talk about the show, then a report is written up about the show.
- A facilitator in the room leads the way for discussion. Sometimes they do 5 or 6 focus groups for one show.
- Networks use it to get feedback.
- This and Q’s are helpful for a network executive because it helps determine direction of a show.
- They are inaccurate because they are not randomly chosen usually people who have free time in Vegas or LA.
Fairness Doctrine
- 1987
- It was repealed and is no longer in effect.
- Before 1987 if you covered controversial issues to the public you had to be fair and balanced with it and be sure that both sides were mention.
- You could not go on for hours talking about the republican side and not the democratic side.
- Since then we have had a rise of radio stations that tilt one way of the other
Wheel of Fortune
- # 1 syndicated show (as far as game shows are concerned)
- It is not something that networks air
- Local stations pick it up and chose where to air it in their particular market
- Pat Seajack and Vanna White
Broadbased
- Channels like TNT, fX, TBS, and USA
Narrowcasting
- Cable programmers
- Channels like MTV, Spike, Lifetime, and Oxygen
Hammocking
- an unpopular/new program is scheduled in between two popular programs in hopes that the viewers will watch it
Oprah WInfrey
OWN network, filled the 4-6 slot
First-run Syndication
- shows that have not aired on the networks and are being shown for the first time on local stations
A La Carte
- cable subscribers, multi channel subscribers, would pick and choose what networks they are allowing into their homes and are paying only for that, with a hope that they would pay less (probably not)
Law & Order
- Dick Wolf
- dates aired?
Problems with Nielsen Rating
- under-representation of viewing audience
- difficulty in operating meters, fatigue, lack of cooperation, studies and investigations, programming aberrations.
Vladimir Zworykin
- Pioneer of television technology
- invented the Iconoscope (1923) and the Kinescope (1929)
- worked for RCA
Sweeps
- The period each season when ratings are in and studied and advertising is reset
H.U.T.S
- Households Using Television.
- Used in calculating ratings and shares by Neilsen
“What Hath God Wrought?”
- Baltimore, Washington
- first morse code sent
Time Warner
- CW, HBO, TBS
Local News
-Largest Local TV department
Voice Tracking
- common form of syndication.
- It enables one radio personality to be heard on several stations.
Don Imus
- Shock Jock who got fired by MSNBC and CBS radio
- had a simulcast morning show for many years.
- He created a fury after he had derogatory comments about the Rudkers Woman’s Basketball team after their loss in the championship game against the University of Tennessee.
- Brought him up when internal and external influences on programming were talked about.
- Case of pressure groups reacting to something they had seen in the media and telling advertisers to drop his show.
MAS*H
- # 1 watched episode recorded.
- 2 hour final, will never be surpassed
- 106 million viewers.
Rush Limbaugh
- has a lucrative contract with Premiere Radio.
- In 2000 he signed an 8 year contract worth 250 million.
- Also received a 35 million signing bonus.
- His program is heard by an estimated 12-20 million people a week on 600 different stations.
Prime-time Access
- Refers to that time period between 6:00-7:00 central time.
- Prime time is considered 6:00-10:00 60% of viewing happens in this time period.
- The first hour of primetime is for local stations (they charge high rates in the time and usually show news)
Willie Nelson
- PBS, because he was on the very first Austin City Limits.
- Public Television relies on local stations to provide much of the programming.
- Was on the inaugural broadcast.
Counter Programming
offer TV programs to attract an audience from another TV station airing a major even
Blunting
- opposite of counter programming; scheduling a program with identical as a competitor
Bridging
- making shows last over time so people have no choice but to stay on that network; if they do flip channels they’ll miss the first few minutes of that show
Stacking
a technique used to develop audience flow by grouping together shows with similar appeals to “sweep” the viewer along from one show to the next
Cross-programming
- the interaction of two shows; dragging the storyline over two episodes of two different programs
Stripping
running a syndicated TV series every day of the week at the same time
Stunting
scheduling specials, adding guest stars, major plot twist, etc.
Repurposing
a show will run on one medium (broadcast) then run on another (cable or internet)
Hammocking
an unpopular/new show is scheduled between two popular programs in hopes that the viewer will watch it
Dayparting
- the practice of dividing the day into several parts, during each of which a different type of programming appropriate for that time is aired; geared towards a particular demographic and target audience
Seemlessness
starting one series directly after the other ends; starting the program before running any opening credits to draw the viewers in
Blocking
putting a block of similar programs together
Cumes
cumulative audience; total non-duplicated audience for one program or series
