Final Exam Review Flashcards
Forest Ecosystem Services examples
habitat for animals, recreation, sesources (wood, food, watershed, carbon storage)
Forest Ownership percentages
66% Commercial Timberland, 34% Noncommercial (58% private, 14% forest industry, 18% national, 10% other federal agencies)
What are SFI and FSC
independant groups that use sustainable measures
Silviculture System (even-aged v uneven-aged)
a long term harvest system even-aged (clearcutting, seed tree harvest-harvest all but few,+shelterwood harvest-leave enough to protect new seedlings) uneven-aged (selective cutting-high grade trees, single tree harvests, +group tree harvests)
What are some non-timber forests products?
maple syrup, ginseng, mushrooms, hunting…
What are causes of animal extinction
Habitat alteration 40% commercial hunting 23% competition with invasives 16% pest control 7% hunted for food 6% pollution 1%
Traits of vulnerable species
they are specialists-specific niches, low reproductive rates, nonadaptive behaviors, initial population size was already small(islands)
Zoo-botanical garden approach
last ditch effort to conserve, holds plants+animals in captivity and attempts to breed them
Species approach
conservation method where you study the niche of a species and find out how you can improve or manage the habitat (doesn’t look out for other species though)
Ecosystem Approach
most effective conservation method and least costly, protect habitat with buffer zones and wildlife corridors
Recombinant DNA Tech
insertion of 1 or more genes from one organism into another
Transformation Cassette steps
- prepare tissue for transformation 2. introduce DNA 3. culture plant tissue 4. field test plants
Dingell-Johnson Act
Federal aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act (excise tax on fishing equipment)
impact of overfishing
people select larger fish, so only small immature fish left, decreasing fertility rates
impact of dams
cause habitat destruction, disrupt migration patterns
impact of invasive species
predation, direct competition for food+habitat, change food webs, more parasites
ways to overcome overfishing, dams, and invasives
use individual quota system (# of each fish species allowed to have), marine protected areas, some intensive aquaculture
Extensive aquaculture
no feed or fertilizer system, low density population-let it go on naturally simplest
Semi-intensive aquaculture
increase stocking rates and fertilize
Intensive aquaculture
add feed, has high stocking rates
challenges for aquaculture
where to put them, getting the fish the protein they need for growth
Micropile
opening on a fish egg where the sperm enters
home range of a species
the area needed for an animal to meet all it needs (food, mating, shelter…)
The Edge Effect
the boundaries between different ecosystems tend to have high densities of populations
animal mortality factors
disease, proximity to humans (roadkill, habitat loss, hunting, pollution), predation, starvation. these all vary by species
Greenhouse gas effect
greenhouse gases can absorb and emit infrared radiation, increasing the temp (methane, H2O, CO2, NOx, Ozone+Chlorofluorocarbone-refrigerants)
What is causing the climate to change
influx of greenhouse gases, natiral variation (volcanoes, changes in orbit+tilt, solar activity changes, chaotic events),+deforestation
methods of monitoring climate change
measuring thickness of tree rings, measurinf content of air bubbles in ice cores, using phenology (cyclic natural phenomena like migration+bloom dates)
effects of climate change on wildlife, fish, and forests
wildlife-will have to move north, specialists may die out, hybridization may occur,(effects reproduction, availability of food+habitat, increases disease) fish-growth+reproduction depend on temp forests-will become drier (fires), more pest/disease outbreaks, growth will slow
