Final Exam Review Flashcards
The female gametophyte of a conifer…
a. lives its whole life inside the female cone
b. is a diploid plant
c. is produced by fertilization
d. is surrounded by a seed coat
A. Lives its whole life inside the female cone
To which Group do “Amoebas” belong?
A. Apicomplexa
B. Euglenoids
C. Kinetoplastids
D. they are a general cell type found in several groups
E. Recently moved into the Fungi, no longer a protist
D. General cell type, found in several groups
The Apicomplexan Plasmodium must adapt to which two different habitats? A. Avian host and human host B. Mosquito host and human host C. Terrestrial and land D. freshwater and marine
B. Mosquito host and human host
Which innovation was responsible for plants to colonizing land? A. Alternation of generations B. Chlorophyll C. Protected Embryo D. Sex
C. Protected Embryo
Which is true of non-vascular plants? A. Usually less than 5 cm tall B. Possess very small seeds C. Lack a diploid stage D. Some of the newest phyla of plants
A. Usually less than 5 cm tall
When is the season for making Maple Syrup finished? A. Air temp exceeds 16 C B. Tree has used up the sugar C. Buds open up D. Seeds released
C. Buds open up
Sap collected from Maple trees, is made into syrup by.. A. Boiling to evaporate water B. Boiling to convert sugars C. Filtering out residues D. Distillation
A. Boiling water to evaporate water
What is happening to the levels of CO2 on Earth, in recent decades?
A. Going up because of loss of Ozone layer
B. Going up because of burning of fossil fuels, land use changes etc
C. Stabilized, at last
D. Nearly the levels before the Industrial Revolution
B. Going up because of burning fossil fuels, land use changes
The most important cause of today's mass extinction is.. A. Habitat loss B. Invasive species C. Overharvest D. Atmospheric chemistry
A. Habitat loss
Plants start as a seed, lives just one year
Annual
Plant drops needles continuously, not a big drop in Autumn
Evergreen
Microbes able to obtain energy from inorganic substances and no sunlight needed
Chemoautotroph
This whip-like extension of cell allows movement
Flagellum
Algae have a shape like long strands…resemble hair or perhaps “green snot”
Filamentous
Sits in one spot, often attached to something solid
Sessile
These scouring rush are abrasive due to silica in stems; may look like a horse’s tail
Sphenophyta
Really big trees, in some cases; yet produce no flowers
Coniferophyta
Plants, but not green plants
Rhodophyta
Cells build a carbonate structure, deposited over time to form limestone rock formation
Foraminifera
Slime mold made of a mass lacking cell walls; cytoplasm sort of flows around body
Myxomycota (Plasmodial)
Sporophyte looks like a red or brown candy cane, rising out of large green gametophyte
Bryophyta
Cells make little glass house which preserves really well after cell dies
Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
Often green; often swim; but can also be red and crawl
Euglenids (Euglenozoa)
Embryo encased in a special protective and sensory coating
Seed
Ripened ovary wall, and anything inside or attached
Fruit
Describe the specific anatomy and physiology processes that a tall tree uses to pull water from soil up to great height
Capillary action: adhesions (stick to walls) & cohesion (molecule sticking together)
Evaporation
Diagram a Paramecium both in conjugation and fission: Explain what is accomplished in each
Fission: Asexual, new offspring produced by pinching at the middle, ploidy does not change due to no recombination of genes
Conjugation: sexual process, recombination of genes produce new offspring, policy changes from haploid to diploid, zygote with 2 different genes
Describe the alternation of generations in land plants. Include generation, ploidy, cell division or joining
Sporophyte to spore through meiosis, mitosis to get gametophyte, meiosis to get gamete fusion to get zygote then restart using mitosis (2n=sporophyte)
Describe double fertilization. Including policy and structures formed in the process
Involves two sperm cells; one fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other fuses with the two polar nuclei that form the endosperm. Diploid embryo triploid endosperm
How do current extinction rates compare to normal, background extinction rates?
Extinction rates are increasing due to habitat loss, over harvesting, invasive species and climate change
How does iowa compare for biodiversity preservation?
Iowa is a large area for extinction due to the great loss of what once was prairies and is now used for farming and the formation of cities
Some dinosaurs took six months or more to develop in the egg, we know this because
We can examine growth rings on the teeth of fossilized embryonic dinosaurs
Unlike physicists, who search for a grand theory to tie together various observations and ideas, biologists
Have a unifying theory; evolution
What would explain the relative numbers of cottonwood species, compared to oak species in our area
Oak seeds have pore dispersal ability; so oaks should have more species
All cells replicate DNA semiconservatively. What can be inferred from this?
All organisms share a common ancestor
A difference between fungal mutualism with plant roots vs a similar bacterial mutualism is
Bacteria actually synthesize a new chemical compound providing it to the plant
Lateral gene transfer is important because
It complicates drawing accurate phylogenetic trees
Which prokaryote is most likely found in a termite gut or cow’s stomach?
Euryarchaeota methanogens
If a pathogen has great virulence it
very effectively spreads infection
Eukaryotes arose
From prokaryotic ancestors
The fact that we cannot develop a cure for the common cold, likely suggests
Viruses evolve
Describes allele frequency in a population when not evolving
Hardy-weinberg equilibrium
We know very little about these prokaryotes, even though they are the ones most related to us
Archaea
These prokaryotes include pathogens, extremophiles, aerobic, anaerobic…about anything
Bacteria
New species is formed within the geographic range of the existing species
Sympatric speciation
New species is formed on two different sides of a barrier
Allopatric speciation
Bacterial cell walls retain violet stain and appear blue/purple
Gram positive
Bacterial shape is spherical
Coccus
Bacterial shape is rod-like, elongate
Bacillus
Bacterial panic with ability to withstand adverse conditions for a long time
Endospore
A scientist used this approach to see if bacteria caused ulcers (by giving himself ulcers)
Kochs postulates
Changes in a species are driven by mate choice….sometimes with bizarre results
Sexual selection
Changes in a species are random, change for no particular pressure or limitation
Genetic drift
Population has peculiar genetic mix, because it was started by a small group
Founder effect
A species is described by overall appearance; how linneas did it
Morphological species
A species is described by ability to interbreed and so can the offspring
Biological species
Total mix of alleles in a population
Gene pool
Write a scientific name, why must it be written in that way?
Homo sapiens L. Gives genus and specific epithet, in italics due to latin
Bell curve of babies born vs birth weight and explain how natural selection would act on this phenomenon and the name for this selection
Babies weighed less before modern medicine, now doctors are able to help them, widening the bell curve to have a larger weight range, stabilizing selection
Explain why viruses are or are not alive, refer to characteristics of viruses and of life
They are not alive because they do not replicate DNA semi-conservatively and do not transcribe and translate their DNA, have metabolism and spread but not through reproduction and replication of DNA
We used to consider birds separate from reptiles, what do we believe now and how would the old vs new phylogenetic tree compare?
Evidence to show birds are related and evolved from dinosaurs. Old phylogenetic tree would not show birds and reptiles had a common ancestor and would show them as polyphyletic. The new tree would show more monophyletic in relation
What is a pre-zygotic isolating mechanism?
Mechanical isolation, not having the right reproductive parts to reproduce. Prevents sterile organisms and allows organisms to grow and evolve that need to
All deuterostomes are
bilaterally symmetrical in at least some part of life cycle
In a protostome, the blastopore
becomes the mouth
The positive and negative mating types of fungi
Grow together, then combine generic material
All ecdysozoans must
shed an exoskeleton during growth
The cutaneous respiration in earthworms results in
drowning if soil becomes too wet
The head, throat, and abdomen of an insect
are fused body segments
The water vascular system of a starfish
allows it to attach to a bivalve and pull until the bivalve opens up
The chitin-based exoskeleton of an insect
Offers some water proofing, preventing drying out (desiccation)
Which invertebrates have giant neurons and complex nervous system/behaviors
Mollusca
Which phylum has more species than all the others combined?
Arthropoda
Fungus with reproduction by spores released from a sphere shaped lollipop structure
Zygomycota
The club structure releasing spores is located in a mushroom
basidiomycota
Unicellular fungi, various size/shapes/ancestory
Yeast
Structure in a rotifer, sits at top and has beating cilia
corona
Anatomy of certain animals having body cavity not completely lined
Pseudomate
Some cnidarians have this body shape: mouth on bottom, arms hanging down
Medusa
This phylum of animals has no cell layers
Porifera
Stinging cells of cnidarians
Choanocytes
Most numerous animals; supposedly would mark the ghost of earth, should it suddenly vanish
nematoda roundworms
Sponges are reinforced with these microscopic crystal like structures
spicules
Animals in this phylum built the great coral reefs
cnidaria
Phylum of worms with numerous repeating segments
annelida
May have many jointed appendages specialized for motion, eating, defense
arthropoda
Fungus with fruiting body packed full of finger-like structures, each with 8 spores
ascomycota
Process of asexual reproduction
budding
Explain the difference between eukaryotic and diploid fungi
Dikaryotic is n+n having two cells that are not fused when these become fused they become 2n or diploid
Describe two potential advantages to an animal of having very different larva and adult forms. Give an example
Larva allow growth and nutrient uptake as some adult forms do not eat or grow. Moths eat and grow as larvas but not as adults
Name a mollusk and indicate how it meets challenges of nutrition and reproduction
Clams obtain nutrition through filtering food from water that runs through them. Gills and labial paps help them to move and filter. Visceral mass is a reproductive part that releases eggs through the flowing water to reach sperm
Some flatworms are internal parasites explain the life cycle
Released by a mammal into a body of water, picked up bob bacteria and develops. ingested by small fish and develops into parasite. Fish is eaten by larger fish and then eaten by mammal where it can live best. Tape worm is example
Q10 equation
Q10: Temp sensitivity
Rt Rate of run at temp
Rt-10
Radiation
Sun radiates onto something directly
Convection
Wind blows heated air away, other fluids too
Conduction
Direct body contact
Evaporation
Moisture enters air and takes energy with it
