Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

The female gametophyte of a conifer…

a. lives its whole life inside the female cone
b. is a diploid plant
c. is produced by fertilization
d. is surrounded by a seed coat

A

A. Lives its whole life inside the female cone

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2
Q

To which Group do “Amoebas” belong?
A. Apicomplexa
B. Euglenoids
C. Kinetoplastids
D. they are a general cell type found in several groups
E. Recently moved into the Fungi, no longer a protist

A

D. General cell type, found in several groups

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3
Q
The Apicomplexan Plasmodium must adapt to which two different habitats?
A. Avian host and human host
B. Mosquito host and human host
C. Terrestrial and land
D. freshwater and marine
A

B. Mosquito host and human host

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4
Q
Which innovation was responsible for plants to colonizing land?
A. Alternation of generations
B. Chlorophyll
C. Protected Embryo
D. Sex
A

C. Protected Embryo

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5
Q
Which is true of non-vascular plants?
A. Usually less than 5 cm tall
B. Possess very small seeds
C. Lack a diploid stage
D. Some of the newest phyla of plants
A

A. Usually less than 5 cm tall

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6
Q
When is the season for making Maple Syrup finished?
A. Air temp exceeds 16 C
B. Tree has used up the sugar
C. Buds open up
D. Seeds released
A

C. Buds open up

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7
Q
Sap collected from Maple trees, is made into syrup by..
A. Boiling to evaporate water
B. Boiling to convert sugars
C. Filtering out residues
D. Distillation
A

A. Boiling water to evaporate water

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8
Q

What is happening to the levels of CO2 on Earth, in recent decades?
A. Going up because of loss of Ozone layer
B. Going up because of burning of fossil fuels, land use changes etc
C. Stabilized, at last
D. Nearly the levels before the Industrial Revolution

A

B. Going up because of burning fossil fuels, land use changes

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9
Q
The most important cause of today's mass extinction is..
A. Habitat loss
B. Invasive species
C. Overharvest
D. Atmospheric chemistry
A

A. Habitat loss

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10
Q

Plants start as a seed, lives just one year

A

Annual

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11
Q

Plant drops needles continuously, not a big drop in Autumn

A

Evergreen

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12
Q

Microbes able to obtain energy from inorganic substances and no sunlight needed

A

Chemoautotroph

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13
Q

This whip-like extension of cell allows movement

A

Flagellum

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14
Q

Algae have a shape like long strands…resemble hair or perhaps “green snot”

A

Filamentous

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15
Q

Sits in one spot, often attached to something solid

A

Sessile

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16
Q

These scouring rush are abrasive due to silica in stems; may look like a horse’s tail

A

Sphenophyta

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17
Q

Really big trees, in some cases; yet produce no flowers

A

Coniferophyta

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18
Q

Plants, but not green plants

A

Rhodophyta

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19
Q

Cells build a carbonate structure, deposited over time to form limestone rock formation

A

Foraminifera

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20
Q

Slime mold made of a mass lacking cell walls; cytoplasm sort of flows around body

A

Myxomycota (Plasmodial)

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21
Q

Sporophyte looks like a red or brown candy cane, rising out of large green gametophyte

A

Bryophyta

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22
Q

Cells make little glass house which preserves really well after cell dies

A

Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)

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23
Q

Often green; often swim; but can also be red and crawl

A

Euglenids (Euglenozoa)

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24
Q

Embryo encased in a special protective and sensory coating

A

Seed

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25
Q

Ripened ovary wall, and anything inside or attached

A

Fruit

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26
Q

Describe the specific anatomy and physiology processes that a tall tree uses to pull water from soil up to great height

A

Capillary action: adhesions (stick to walls) & cohesion (molecule sticking together)
Evaporation

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27
Q

Diagram a Paramecium both in conjugation and fission: Explain what is accomplished in each

A

Fission: Asexual, new offspring produced by pinching at the middle, ploidy does not change due to no recombination of genes
Conjugation: sexual process, recombination of genes produce new offspring, policy changes from haploid to diploid, zygote with 2 different genes

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28
Q

Describe the alternation of generations in land plants. Include generation, ploidy, cell division or joining

A

Sporophyte to spore through meiosis, mitosis to get gametophyte, meiosis to get gamete fusion to get zygote then restart using mitosis (2n=sporophyte)

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29
Q

Describe double fertilization. Including policy and structures formed in the process

A

Involves two sperm cells; one fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other fuses with the two polar nuclei that form the endosperm. Diploid embryo triploid endosperm

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30
Q

How do current extinction rates compare to normal, background extinction rates?

A

Extinction rates are increasing due to habitat loss, over harvesting, invasive species and climate change

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31
Q

How does iowa compare for biodiversity preservation?

A

Iowa is a large area for extinction due to the great loss of what once was prairies and is now used for farming and the formation of cities

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32
Q

Some dinosaurs took six months or more to develop in the egg, we know this because

A

We can examine growth rings on the teeth of fossilized embryonic dinosaurs

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33
Q

Unlike physicists, who search for a grand theory to tie together various observations and ideas, biologists

A

Have a unifying theory; evolution

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34
Q

What would explain the relative numbers of cottonwood species, compared to oak species in our area

A

Oak seeds have pore dispersal ability; so oaks should have more species

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35
Q

All cells replicate DNA semiconservatively. What can be inferred from this?

A

All organisms share a common ancestor

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36
Q

A difference between fungal mutualism with plant roots vs a similar bacterial mutualism is

A

Bacteria actually synthesize a new chemical compound providing it to the plant

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37
Q

Lateral gene transfer is important because

A

It complicates drawing accurate phylogenetic trees

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38
Q

Which prokaryote is most likely found in a termite gut or cow’s stomach?

A

Euryarchaeota methanogens

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39
Q

If a pathogen has great virulence it

A

very effectively spreads infection

40
Q

Eukaryotes arose

A

From prokaryotic ancestors

41
Q

The fact that we cannot develop a cure for the common cold, likely suggests

A

Viruses evolve

42
Q

Describes allele frequency in a population when not evolving

A

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium

43
Q

We know very little about these prokaryotes, even though they are the ones most related to us

A

Archaea

44
Q

These prokaryotes include pathogens, extremophiles, aerobic, anaerobic…about anything

A

Bacteria

45
Q

New species is formed within the geographic range of the existing species

A

Sympatric speciation

46
Q

New species is formed on two different sides of a barrier

A

Allopatric speciation

47
Q

Bacterial cell walls retain violet stain and appear blue/purple

A

Gram positive

48
Q

Bacterial shape is spherical

A

Coccus

49
Q

Bacterial shape is rod-like, elongate

A

Bacillus

50
Q

Bacterial panic with ability to withstand adverse conditions for a long time

A

Endospore

51
Q

A scientist used this approach to see if bacteria caused ulcers (by giving himself ulcers)

A

Kochs postulates

52
Q

Changes in a species are driven by mate choice….sometimes with bizarre results

A

Sexual selection

53
Q

Changes in a species are random, change for no particular pressure or limitation

A

Genetic drift

54
Q

Population has peculiar genetic mix, because it was started by a small group

A

Founder effect

55
Q

A species is described by overall appearance; how linneas did it

A

Morphological species

56
Q

A species is described by ability to interbreed and so can the offspring

A

Biological species

57
Q

Total mix of alleles in a population

A

Gene pool

58
Q

Write a scientific name, why must it be written in that way?

A

Homo sapiens L. Gives genus and specific epithet, in italics due to latin

59
Q

Bell curve of babies born vs birth weight and explain how natural selection would act on this phenomenon and the name for this selection

A

Babies weighed less before modern medicine, now doctors are able to help them, widening the bell curve to have a larger weight range, stabilizing selection

60
Q

Explain why viruses are or are not alive, refer to characteristics of viruses and of life

A

They are not alive because they do not replicate DNA semi-conservatively and do not transcribe and translate their DNA, have metabolism and spread but not through reproduction and replication of DNA

61
Q

We used to consider birds separate from reptiles, what do we believe now and how would the old vs new phylogenetic tree compare?

A

Evidence to show birds are related and evolved from dinosaurs. Old phylogenetic tree would not show birds and reptiles had a common ancestor and would show them as polyphyletic. The new tree would show more monophyletic in relation

62
Q

What is a pre-zygotic isolating mechanism?

A

Mechanical isolation, not having the right reproductive parts to reproduce. Prevents sterile organisms and allows organisms to grow and evolve that need to

63
Q

All deuterostomes are

A

bilaterally symmetrical in at least some part of life cycle

64
Q

In a protostome, the blastopore

A

becomes the mouth

65
Q

The positive and negative mating types of fungi

A

Grow together, then combine generic material

66
Q

All ecdysozoans must

A

shed an exoskeleton during growth

67
Q

The cutaneous respiration in earthworms results in

A

drowning if soil becomes too wet

68
Q

The head, throat, and abdomen of an insect

A

are fused body segments

69
Q

The water vascular system of a starfish

A

allows it to attach to a bivalve and pull until the bivalve opens up

70
Q

The chitin-based exoskeleton of an insect

A

Offers some water proofing, preventing drying out (desiccation)

71
Q

Which invertebrates have giant neurons and complex nervous system/behaviors

A

Mollusca

72
Q

Which phylum has more species than all the others combined?

A

Arthropoda

73
Q

Fungus with reproduction by spores released from a sphere shaped lollipop structure

A

Zygomycota

74
Q

The club structure releasing spores is located in a mushroom

A

basidiomycota

75
Q

Unicellular fungi, various size/shapes/ancestory

A

Yeast

76
Q

Structure in a rotifer, sits at top and has beating cilia

A

corona

77
Q

Anatomy of certain animals having body cavity not completely lined

A

Pseudomate

78
Q

Some cnidarians have this body shape: mouth on bottom, arms hanging down

A

Medusa

79
Q

This phylum of animals has no cell layers

A

Porifera

80
Q

Stinging cells of cnidarians

A

Choanocytes

81
Q

Most numerous animals; supposedly would mark the ghost of earth, should it suddenly vanish

A

nematoda roundworms

82
Q

Sponges are reinforced with these microscopic crystal like structures

A

spicules

83
Q

Animals in this phylum built the great coral reefs

A

cnidaria

84
Q

Phylum of worms with numerous repeating segments

A

annelida

85
Q

May have many jointed appendages specialized for motion, eating, defense

A

arthropoda

86
Q

Fungus with fruiting body packed full of finger-like structures, each with 8 spores

A

ascomycota

87
Q

Process of asexual reproduction

A

budding

88
Q

Explain the difference between eukaryotic and diploid fungi

A

Dikaryotic is n+n having two cells that are not fused when these become fused they become 2n or diploid

89
Q

Describe two potential advantages to an animal of having very different larva and adult forms. Give an example

A

Larva allow growth and nutrient uptake as some adult forms do not eat or grow. Moths eat and grow as larvas but not as adults

90
Q

Name a mollusk and indicate how it meets challenges of nutrition and reproduction

A

Clams obtain nutrition through filtering food from water that runs through them. Gills and labial paps help them to move and filter. Visceral mass is a reproductive part that releases eggs through the flowing water to reach sperm

91
Q

Some flatworms are internal parasites explain the life cycle

A

Released by a mammal into a body of water, picked up bob bacteria and develops. ingested by small fish and develops into parasite. Fish is eaten by larger fish and then eaten by mammal where it can live best. Tape worm is example

92
Q

Q10 equation

A

Q10: Temp sensitivity
Rt Rate of run at temp
Rt-10

93
Q

Radiation

A

Sun radiates onto something directly

94
Q

Convection

A

Wind blows heated air away, other fluids too

95
Q

Conduction

A

Direct body contact

96
Q

Evaporation

A

Moisture enters air and takes energy with it