Final Exam Review Flashcards
intro: topics discussed
historical context, contemporary research, ethical essetials
intro: understand how theories develop by looking at ___ and ___ contexts
historical; cultural
intro: who is father of psychotherapy? why is this an issue?
Freud; ignores others (Janet claimed he and colleagues working on the same thing as Freud), focusing on white father is racist/sexist
intro: four diff cultural and historical realities or perspectives
- biomedical
- religious/spiritual
- psychosocial
- feminist/multicultural
intro: definitions for psychotherapy vs counseling
psychotherapy-longer and deeper, more expensive with 12 part definition
intro: theory
organized of knowledge about a particular object or phenomenon; used to generate hypotheses about human thinking, emotions, behavior/evaluate theories with modern research principles and procedures
intro: Hans Eysenck (1952) conducted review of psychotherapy outcomes and concluded that psychotherapy was ___ effective than no treatment
less; controversial finding-substantial research on psychotherapy outcomes, agreed that it’s effective but no agreement on which approach is most effective for which problems
intro: two main positions to great psychotherapy debate
- specific therapy procedures are superior and should constitute most of what therapists provide
- there are common factors within all approaches that account for the fact that research generally shows all therapy approaches have equal efficacy or effectiveness
intro: approaches are evaluated using ____ or ____
highly controlled research protocols (randomized controlled trials); real world settings
intro: randomized controlled trials evidence to support
treatment efficacy
intro: real world settings evidence to support
treatment effectiveness
intro: abide by professional ethics
- competence and informed consent
- multicultural competence
- confidentiality
- multiple roles
- beneficence
- know that some approaches can be harmful
psychoanalysis: ___likely had oedipal conflicts, strove for recognition
Freud; didn’t want to visit Janet on his deathbed because libel was spread
psychoanalysis: Freud had many health issues-tobacco addiction, cancer and jaw surgery; ___ helped his commit suicide
Max Schur; morphine on 2 consecutive days
psychoanalysis: Freud began practicing ___; wrote ___ volumes of work
late 1800’s to early 1900’s; 24
psychoanalysis: seduction hypothesis; people had experiences with sexual abuse but then recanted
culture of the times was to not talk about sex
psychoanalysis: theories of human development
- dynamic
- topographic
- developmental stage
- structural
psychoanalysis: everyone can develop psychopathology if
exposed to the right type and amount of stress
psychoanalysis: Pine (1990)-evolution of psychoanalytic approach
- drive
- ego psychology
- object relations
- structural
psychoanalysis: free association used to
basic rule; articulate underlying unconscious processes
psychoanalysis: clients experience ___ and ___, therapist uses ___ to clarify and bring unconscious patterns into awareness
transference; resistance; interpretation
psychoanalysis: focus interpretations on problematic repeating interpersonal themes or patterns in client’s lives
contemporary focus on human relationships as primary motivator and developmental force
psychoanalysis: triangles of insight that include
- current client relationships
- client-therapist relationship (transference)
- past client relationships
psychoanalysis: evidence support
not suited for females/other cultures, controversial but lots of support
IP and Adler: little debate about significance
Ellis praised him as true father of modern psychotherapy, lots of people take from his ideas
IP and Adler: psychology of ___ ___
common sense
IP and Adler: Adler established himself and published book before joining with Freud
independent thinker that broke from Freud; made comprehensive and practical psych that remains influential today
IP and Adler: theoretical concepts
- individuals as whole persons that strive for purpose and superiority
- emphasizes social interest over self-interest as health goal
- individuals are unique
- behavior determined by multiple factors
- people develop internal cognitive map or “style of life” to handle tasks:
IP and Adler: tasks of life
- work/occupation
- social relationships
- love/marriage
- self
- spirituality
- parenting/family
IP and Adler: de-emphasizing psychopathology
individuals seeking counseling are viewed as discouraged or as lacking the courage to directly face challenges of tasks of life
IP and Adler: four overlapping stages of therapy
- forming friendly and egalitarian therapy relationship
- obtaining info leading to comprehensive lifestyle assessment and analysis
- using collaborative interpretation to help clients achieve insight into style of life
- reorientation or changing of on’es style of life to better meet tasks of life
IP and Adler: gender
far ahead of time; women were capable but oppressed by male society, viewed individuals within relational and social context
IP and Adler: research
little empirical research supporting efficacy
existential: about
finding meaning, taking personal responsibility
existential: based on existential philosophy
invariable conditions of human existence: personal responsibility, isolation, death, meaning
existential: view life in dialectical extremes then gather knowledge and meaning from ____
integration of extremes; experiencing and embracing personal freedom, combined with complete responsibility for one’s actions
existential: principles
- I am experience
- four existential ways of being: umwelt, mitwelt, eigenwelt, uberwelt
- daimonic
- nature of anxiety and guilt
-existential psychodynamics or ultimate concerns - self-awareness
existential: achieve greater ___ and ___ all that live has to offer in order to ____
awareness; embrace; live life to the fullest
existential: form I-thou relationship with clients and use it for therapeutic change
process involves intense interpersonal encounter that includes deep emotional sharing, feedback, confrontation, encouragement
existential: not sensitive to
gender or culture
existential: don’t value empirical science
little research supporting efficacy
PCT: rogers understood central role of
relationship; more important than problems and techniques (transparency, acceptance, empathy)
PCT: rogers was super optimistic and positive
raised in strict and judgmental home, one of the most respectful therapies ever
PCT: in 1942, claimed that all that was necessary and sufficient for positive personality change was to provide clients with
relationship that had congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding
PCT: four phases of therapy approach
- nondirective counseling
- client centered therapy
- becoming a person
- worldwide issues
PCT: complex theory of personality focusing on self-development
full development of a self-consistent with individuals total organismic experience–most kids are exposed to conditions of worth that lead to conflict with real and ideal selves
PCT: psychopathology from
failure to learn from experience
PCT: motivation interviewing
contemporary form, initially made for alcohol abusing clients; reflective, empathic techniques to focus on client ambivalence and to help clients develop own motivation to change
PCT: gender/cultrue
positive for feminists, negative for collectivist cultures
PCT: empirically based support
strong evidence for empathy, better than no treatment but less efficacious than more supported
Gestalt: live life to fullest in ___
present
Gestalt: ___ approach
experiential
Gestalt: integration of several theories
- psychoanalysis
- gestalt psych
- field theory
- existentialism
- phenomenology
- holism
Gestalt: therapy process
I-thou, here and now, what and how
Gestalt: contact with others and experiences are important; types of disturbance
introjection, projection, retroflection, deflection, confluence
Gestalt: emotionally activating, have to work
collaboratively and follow training guidelines
Gestalt: clients have unfinished business that can be
brought into present to finish actively
Gestalt: therapists
establish genuine relationship, facilitate client awareness, engage clients in gestalt experiments
Gestalt: culture
not for those that don’t value talking about emotions
Gestalt: empirical evidence
some evidence that its effective, emotion focused shows some empirical promise
Behavioral: skinner vs rogers
determinism vs free will
Behavioral: not as strict as people think
flexible, open to new techniques
Behavioral: adherence to
scientific validation of therapeutic techniques
Behavioral: very effective but
which approaches with which problems
Behavioral: is it actually more effective or
is it better at showing effectiveness
Behavioral: began in US when
early 1900’s, official birth 1950’s
Behavioral: Mary Cover Jones
reserach on kids with fears and phobias
Behavioral: therapists are
scientists
Behavioral: three main models
- operant conditioning(applied behavioral analysis)
- classical conditioning (neobehavioristic, meditational stimulus response)
- social learning theory
Behavioral: psychopathology from
maladaptive learning, treated by providing clients new learning experiences
Behavioral: empirically based assessment and intervention procedures
functional behavioral assessment, behavioral interviewing, standardized questionnaires
Behavioral: therapy procedures
- token economy and contingency management
- behavioral activation
- relaxation training
- systematic desensitization and exposure treatment
- skills training
Behavioral: focus on
symptoms, not good for gender/minority
Behavioral: research support
tons, efficacious and effective
CBT: so much support, seems to work for almost everything
is this the best it will get? or do we still need more?
CBT: including cognition used to be resisted, but now
integrated with behavioral
CBT: more began to break out of psychoanalysis in the
40-50s
CBT: rational emotive (behavior) therapy
Ellis; confrontational, irrational thoughts
CBT: cognitive therapy
Beck; collaborative, maladaptive thoughts
CBT: self-instructional training
Meichenbaum
CBT: theoretical principles
classical and operant conditioning, social learning and cognitive appraisal
CBT: social learning
bandura; observational learning, self-efficacy
CBT: cognitive appraisal
subjective interpretations of environment
CBT: psychopathology is defined as
presence of persistent irrational, maladaptive, dysfunctional patterns in thinking and internal speech
CBT: less emphasis on
relationship
CBT: process uses
- collaborative assessment interview
- set agenda
- problem list
- self-rating scales
- case formulation
- education
CBT: methods
- vertical descent technique-therapist guess underlying thoughts
- monitoring procedures to chase down and identify distorted thoughts
- vigorous and forceful disputing
- stress inoculation training
- generating alternative interpretations
- cognitive restructuring
CBT: research support
lots, not for minorities
Choice/Reality: william glasser institute
teach all choice theory and use as basis for training in reality therapy, lead management and education; 44 years, 8000 certified reality therapists worldwide and over 75000 who have gotten advanced reality therapy training
Choice/Reality: william glasser started in
1960s
Choice/Reality: used commonly in
individual counseling and working with youth in schools
Choice/Reality: basis for theory
existential and adlerian
Choice/Reality: humans have 5 basic needs (will overemphasize one if others aren’t met)
- survival
- love/belonging
- power/recognition
- freedom
- fun
Choice/Reality: internal quality world
inner world of wants; developed and established during childhood, includes pictures of people, things/activities, ideas/belief systems we value
Choice/Reality: glass says ___ does not exist, psychopathology is from
mental illness; from unhealthy relationships that develop from trying to control or from trying to restrain anger/get help/avoid things
Choice/Reality: therapy relationship
building relationship, ask questions focusing on four questions, planning for success
Choice/Reality: four questions
what do you want? what are you doing? is it working? should you make a new plan?
Choice/Reality: research
not culturally sensitive, little research
Feminist: 8 tenets from Worell & Remer (2003)
- inclusiveness
- equality
- seek new knowledge
- context
- values
- advocate change
- attend to process
- expand psychological practice
Feminist: grassroots historical effort to bring sexual inequities to awareness and resolve through
egalitarian and nonhierarchical solutions
Feminist: 3 waves in US
- universal suffrage and property rights
- equal rights for women
- worldwide and multicultural efforts to dismantle oppressive and damaging patriarch systems
Feminist: factors contributing
women in academia and science more, consciousness raising groups
Feminist: three theoretical principles
sex and gender powerfully affect identity, deviances from dysfunctional culture, consciousness raising part of healing and change
Feminist: integrate into other theories
informed consent, non-standardized assessment for variety of feminist-related issues, development of therapeutic relationship, self-disclosure, empowerment, development of feminist consciousness; sex, body image, self-esteem, gender role
Feminist: evidence base
sensitive to women, not as much toward other cultures
constructive: lots of
diversity in approach
constructive: solution-based approaches are
formulaic, brief, surface oriented to produce small changes, having potential for ripple effect for improvements, ignoring problems, denying significance of emotional pain/suffering
constructive: narrarive appraoches
language to produce profound changes, more time listening to problems, sparkling moments, attack maladaptive narratives
constructive: ___ philosophy foundation
postmodern; everything is subjective, reality is construction
constructive: two main perspectives
- constructivism
2. social constructionist
constructive: also linked to other ideas
kelly-improvements with preposterous interpretations; erickson-hypnotherapist, made new realities; bateson-language in human interaction
constructive: underlying theoretical principles
- postmodernism
- language and languaging
- change is constant and inevitable
- problems are co-created
- therapy is: collaborative, cooperative, and co-constructive conversation
- focuses on strengths and solutions
constructive: psychopathology from
development and maintenance of negative and maladaptive personal narratives and getting stuck using unhelpful solutions
constructive: techniques
scaling questions, pretreatment change questions, unique account and re-description questions, focusing on unique outcomes/sparkling moments, externalizing conversations, carl rogers with a twist, relabeling and reframing, miracle question, exception question
constructive: evidence base
narrative is gender and culture sensitive, solution is not; accumulating evidence
family systems: conceptual forces
homeostasis, rules/roles, identified patient, boundaries, alliances, coalitions, triangles
family systems: because we exist in groups, treatment at ___ level
systemic; address complexities and engage families in ways that facilitate change
family systems: ___ first to consider family relevant
Adler
family systems: derivate of
cybernetics, systems theory, second order cybernetics
family systems: incorporates concepts from ___ counseling to understand how family’s work and how individuals affect others
outside
family systems: emphasize family member problems serve ___ within the family, family problems not individual problems
purpose
family systems: therapy ideas
circular causality, homeostasis, 1st and 2nd order change, alliances, subsystems, triangulation, coalition
family systems: approaches
- intergenerational
- structural
- strategic
- humanistic-experiential
- functional
- multisystemic
- narrative
- feminist
family systems: effectiveness
intergeneration and strategic less sensitive to individuals
multicultural: belief in
social justice; understand selves as member of cultural communities and evolving appreciation and understanding for others
multicultural: growth in multicultural thinking
civil rights act, more organizations in support
multicultural: three underlying principles
- cultural membership linked to disadvantage and privilege
- make distinctions between groups of people based on race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, SES
- multicultural stance can foster greater understanding between cultural groups and facilitate egalitarian treatment
multicultural: psychopathology is from oppressive
social forces
multicultural: guided by multicultural competencies
cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, culturally specific skills
multicultural: assessment and diagnosis used
carefully and collaboratively
multicultural: therapists need to
understand acculturation, be aware of individualist vs collectivist orientations, make cultural adaptations (language matching), learn multicultural therapy skills, open to spirituality
multicultural: evidence base
hard to evaluate
integrative and new generation: ethical mental health professionals should be able to
- articulate own theories of why humans develop distress and what helps relieve that
- compare and contrast own theory with others
- explain choices of techniques in context of theory and evidence base
integrative and new generation: is one theory or several best
depends
integrative and new generation: so many approaches because
- deal with individuality and cultural specificity
2. human conflict
integrative and new generation: four main ways to practice counseling
- theoretical purity
- theoretical integration
- common factors
- technical eclecticism
integrative and new generation: Lazarus, early example of technical eclecticism
increase the focus on integrating theories
integrative and new generation: new generation approaches
EMDR, IPT, EFT, DBT, ACT
APA Ethics
- Beneficence and nonmaleficence
a. Do good, avoid harm- Fidelity and responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for people’s rights and dignity
ACA Ethics
- Autonomy
- Nonmaleficence
- Beneficence
- Justice
- Fidelity
- Veracity
