Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Apparatus and Image Final Exam > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 types of scintillator materials?

A

Cesium Iodine

Gadolinium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does a scintillator do?

A

Converts x-rays to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cesium Iodine Vs. Gadolinium Oxysulfide

A

CSI- long crystal columns that direct the light down to the TFT, higher spacial resolution due to less light spread

Gd2O2S-random unstructured crystal layer, light can escape laterally before reaching TFT(air pockets)
Lower spacial resolution due to more light spread
Good for rugged applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the TFT? And function?

A

Thin film transistor

-isolates each pixel element and acts like a switch to send electrical charge image processor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is fill factor?

A

% of pixel face that is sensitive to x-rays

Approx. 80% leaving 20% of the beam that doesn’t contribute to image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Photodetector?

A
  • holds the pixels

- made of amorphous silicon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CCD?

A

Charged Coupled Device

  • photodetector
  • electronics embedded into silicon chip
  • converts light to electrical charge & stores it
  • Charge is released to the ADC (analog to Digital Converter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Advantages of Digital?

A
  • wide exposure latitude(can detect lots of grays)
  • reduction in repeats
  • can compensate for over/under exposure
  • environmentally friendly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 components of film?

A
  • cassette
  • intensifying screen
  • film
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of the intensifying screen?

A
  • reduces patient does because it converts x-rays to visible light
  • decreases resolution because of light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Layers of the intensifying screen (4)

A
  • Protective layer
  • Phosphor layer
  • reflecting layer
  • base
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of phosphor layer?

A

-emits light when x-rays hits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DQE?

A

Detective Quantum Efficiency

-% of x-rays absorbed by the screen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CE?

A

Conversion Efficiency
-amount of light emitted for each x-ray absorbed

-Characteristic of phosphor layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 types of luminescence?

A
  1. Fluorescence -light is emitted only while being stimulated
    (Light bulb)
  2. Phosphorescence- light emitted even after stimulation
    (Glow in the dark sticker)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phosphor factors that effect the image? (4)

A
  1. Material Composition-calcium tungstate vs. Rare earth
  2. Thickness of layer- thicker layer=increased DQE
  3. Concentration-more concentrated = higher screen speed
  4. Size of Phosphor- larger phosphor = more light produced per x-ray interaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Intensification Factor?

A

exposure without screen/exposure with screen=IF

-gives information about patient dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Screen Speeds ?

A
  • describes Efficiency of x-ray conversions to light

- calcium tungstate is used for a basis of comparison with assigned value of 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does screen speed effect does?

A

higher speed =lower dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does screen speed effect detail?

A

Higher speed = less detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Uncontrolled speed Factor? (6)

A
  • built in
    1. Phosphor composition
    2. Phosphor thickness
    3. Reflective layer (has one or doesn’t)
    4. Dye in phosphor layer
    5. Crystal Size
    6. Crystal concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does phosphor size and thickness effect speed?

A

Greater size and thickness = higher speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Controllable speed Factors? (3)

A
  1. Radiation quality- high KVP =high Intensification Factor
  2. Processing
  3. Temperature- higher IF at low temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Film base? Fog?

A

Base- colour added to film base

Fog- any exposure during storage, contamination, processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

On a characteristic curve the slope is?

A

-the degree of contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Slope of the line is drawn between points corresponding to OD (0.25-2) above base and fog densities

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Gradient on characteristic curve?

A

-slope of the tangent at any point on the curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Toe gradient?

A

-more important than average because many clinical OD’s appear in this region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Shoulder Gradient?

A

-important in mammo, most of their OD’s are in this region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Latitude?

A

Range of exposures that the image receptor can display

  • Wider=lower contrast
  • Narrow=high contrast q
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Speed?

A

The ability of image receptor to respond to an x-ray exposure

-also known as Measure of Sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Changing speeds formula?

A

RS1/RS2=mAs2/mAs1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Image Receptor Speeds effect?

A
  • radiation sensitivity
  • density
  • dose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Quantum Mottle?

A
  • not enough radiation hits the IR
  • more light producing the image rather than x-rays
  • it will appear splotchy, mottled, and grainy
  • decreases image detail
  • need to increase mAs to correct it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

4 Factors that effect radiographic image quality?

A
  1. Photographic
    - optical density
    - contrast
  2. Geometric
    - detail
    - distortion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is recorded detail?

A

-degree of sharpness of structural lines on a radiograph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Synonyms for Detail?

A
  • recorded detail
  • definition
  • sharpness
  • blur
  • resolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is resolution?

A
  • ability of an imaging system to distinguish between 2 adjacent structures
  • expressed in (line pairs/mm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Resolution is the combination of?

A
  • Spacial resolution ( ability to image small objects )

- Contrast resolution ( ability to distinguish between 2 objects with similar subject contrast )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Line pairs consist of?

A

-lead stripe(line) and air space (space) = line pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How do line pairs effect resolution?

A

More line pairs = higher resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Factors that control detail? (3)

A
  • Geometric unsharpness
  • Motion unsharpness
  • Image receptor unsharpness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Factors that effect Geometric Unsharpness?

A
  • focal spot size ( ranges from 0.1-3.0 mm )

- distance ( SID & OID )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is focal spot blur?

A

Occurs because the effective focal spot is not a single point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The most important factor for spacial resolution is?

A
  • Focal spot blur

- High contrast objects that are smaller than focal spot blur can’t be imaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How does magnification effect blur?

A

-more magnification = more blur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How to decrease focal spot blur?

A
  • use smallest focal spot possible
  • largest SID possible
  • Smallest OID possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Less focal spot blur on Anode Side

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Why does increasing SID reduce blur?

A

-diverging rays become more perpendicular to object which decreases the unsharpness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does decreasing OID decrease blur?

A

-Less room for diverging rays between patient and IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What has the greatest effect of Geometric unsharpness?

A

-OID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The most detrimental effect on recorded detail is?

A
  • motion unsharpness

- motion of anatomy, tube, or image receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

2 Types of patient motion?

A
  • Voluntary

- Involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is image receptor unsharpness affected by?

A

The device used to record the image

  • do to manufacture
  • don’t have control over this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

If you____________speed, you _______________unsharpness

A

Increase, Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Factors that affect recorded detail? (4)

A
  • Phosphor size
  • Phosphor layer thickness
  • Phosphor Concentration
  • Film Screen Contact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

__________phosphor size results in a _____________recorded detail

A

Large, Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Factors that affect resolution of digital imaging systems(2)

A
  • Geometric properties of the IR

- Image Processing system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Factors that limit detail? (4)

A
  • Phosphor size
  • Layer thickness
  • Concentration
  • Scanning of the screen and processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

_________the pixel, ___________the resolution

A

Smaller, Higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Fill Factor?

A
  • area of detector that is light sensitive
  • HIGH fill factor=HIGH resolution
  • more transitions(steps)=REDUCES recorded detail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Distortion? Types?

A
  • results from radiographic misinterpretation of an object
    1. Size distortion-magnification
    2. Shape distortion-elongation and foreshortening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Ways to minimize distortion?`

A
  • distances
  • central ray
  • patient postition
  • IR position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Size Distortion?

A

And increase in the size of an objects image compared to its actual size
-Due to OID (greatest effect)

65
Q

Magnification Factor Formula

A

MF=SID/SOD (SOD=SID-OID)

OF

MF=Image Size/Object Size

66
Q

Shape Distortion?

A
  • misrepresentation of an object with distortion of its shape
    1. Elongation-image appears longer than actual object
    2. Foreshortening- image appears shorter than actual object
67
Q

What causes Shape distortion?

A
  • inaccurate central ray alignment of tube
  • inaccurate alignment of part
  • inaccurate alignment of IR
68
Q

__________magnification=__________OID

A

More, More

69
Q

What is Digital Imaging?

A

-Any imaging acquisition process that produces an electronic image that can be viewed and manipulated on a computer

70
Q

Components of a Computer?

A
  • Input devices
  • Output devices
  • Processing devices
71
Q

Input Device Examples?

A
  • keyboards
  • Mice
  • Microphones
  • Barcode Readers
  • Touch Screens
  • Image Scannerss
72
Q

Output Device Examples?

A
  • Monitors
  • Printers (paper, laser film)
  • Speakers
73
Q

2 Monitor Types?

A

CRT-Cathode Ray Tube

LCD-Liquid Crystal Display

74
Q

CRT

A
  • Refresh rate
  • Controls “flicker” seen by user
  • Higher refresh rate=less flicker
75
Q

LCD

A

Response rate-amount of time for crystal to go from off state to on
-Slower response time=causes blurring

76
Q

Aspect Ratio?

A

-Ratio of the width of the monitor to the height of the monitor

77
Q

How does CRT work?

A
  • Works like an X-ray tube
  • Electrons strike phosphors causing glass to emit a color determined by the intensity of the interaction and area with which electrons interacted
  • Electron beam starts in upper left corner and scans across glass side to side
  • After reaching bottom it starts again at the top
78
Q

How does LCD work?

A
  • Images are produced by shining or reflecting light through a layer of liquid crystal and a series of color filters
  • Light passes through the first layer, and when a current is applied to the crystal layer it aligns and allows light in carrying intensities through to the next layer
79
Q

Different types of Workstations?

A

-Administration
-Tech
-PACS
-CR reader
-Radiologist
_Archives

80
Q

What is a Digital Image?

A
  • one that has been converted into numerical values for transmission or processing
  • Requires DR or CR
81
Q

What is an Array Processor?

A
  • Special computer that functions as a peripheral device

- Uses its own memory to preform simultaneous math operation at very high speeds

82
Q

What factors remain unchanged in Digital Imaging?

A
  • Patient positioning
  • Projections
  • Collimation
83
Q

Pros of Digital?

A
  • wider range of exposure
  • linear response
  • greater range of densities
  • easily manipulated with computer
  • post processing
84
Q

What are the critical characteristics of a digital image?

A
  • Spatial resolution
  • Contrast resolution
  • Noise
  • Dose efficiency
85
Q

Pixel? Size? Depth?

A
  • smallest element in digital imaging

- Size of pixel is DIRECTLY related to the amount of spacial resolution/detail of image

86
Q

_____________pixel size=__________detail

A

Smaller, Increases

87
Q

___________bit depth=____________grey levels displayed

A

Higher, More

88
Q

Matrix?

A
  • image is recorded as a matrix
  • numerical values
  • divided into small boxes
  • Each pixel displays numerical value and a density level proportional to degree of the incoming signal
89
Q

__________matrix size=_____________resolution

___________the matrix=_____________the pixels

A

Increased, Increased

Larger, Smaller

90
Q

What is Dynamic Range?

A
  • The ability to respond to varying levels of exposure

- identified by the bit capacity of each pixel

91
Q

What is windowing?

A
  • Allows us to see only a portion of the entire dynamic range
  • Raw data image will show full dynamic range
    • Appears very low contrast, as so many shades of grey are displayed
92
Q

What is Window Level?

____________Window Level=___________Brightness

A
  • Controls the image brightness ( controlled by varying the value of each pixel)
  • DIRECT relationship

-Decreased, Increased

93
Q

Increasing brightness of the image…..

Decreasing brightness of the image…..

A
  • All pixels are raised to higher value by the same factor

- All pixels are decreased to lower value by the same factor

94
Q

What is Window Width?

________Window Width=___________Contrast

A
  • Controls image CONTRAST
  • INVERSE RELATIONSHIP

Decreased, Increased

95
Q

A NARROW window width=

A WIDE window width=

A

Decreased window width=Increased Contrast

Increased window width=Decreased Contrast

96
Q

What does Image Sampling determine?

A

Image LOCATION and SIZE of the signal

97
Q

What is a Histogram?

A

Graphical representation of the optimal densities within the collimated area

  • Takes the image data from sample
  • System finds useful signal by locating the minimum and maximum signal within the regions of interest on the image
  • all intensities are plotted on the histogram
98
Q

The values at the ______ of the histogram represent ______

The values at the ______ of the histogram represent______

The values at the ______of the histogram represent______

A

Left, Black

Right, White

Middle, Medium tones

99
Q

How will a dark image appear on a histogram? A light image?

A
  • Most data points will be on the LEFT

- Most data points will be on the RIGHT

100
Q

NyQuist Theorum states?

A

When sampling a signal the sampling frequency must be greater than TWICE the frequency of the input signal so that the reconstruction of the original image will be as accurate as possible

101
Q

What is Aliasing?

A

-Produces an image that looks like two superimposed images just slightly misaligned

102
Q

What is Automatic Rescaling?

A
  • used for high and low exposures
  • attempts to correct pixel display
  • it produces images with uniform density and contrast regardless of the exposure
103
Q

What will occur if the exposure is too small?

A

-Quantum mottle

104
Q

What will occur if the exposure if too large?

A

Loss of contrast and edge sharpness and increased scatter

105
Q

What is a LUT?

A
  • Look up table

- used as a reference to evaluate the raw info and correct pixel values during processing

106
Q

Can the raw data be changed?

A

NEVER!

107
Q

When the slope of the graph is changed what will be increased/decreased?

A

-contrast

108
Q

When moving the line along the y-axis what will be increased/decreased?

A

-Brightness/density

109
Q

___________slope=____________contrast

____________slope=_____________contrast

A

Greater, High

Less,Low

110
Q

What is an exposure indicator?

A

-refers to the amount of exposure received by the IR

111
Q

Factors that affect EI #’s

A
  • Technical factors
  • Histogram analysis error
  • Patient positioning
  • Image processing algorithms
  • SID
  • Collimation
  • Beam entering
  • Artifacts
112
Q

Following and exposure what happens?

A
  1. The IR is read and a histogram in formed
  2. EI #’s represent the average gray shade value of the image
    * *based on collimated boundaries**
  3. Compared to a pre-programmed histogram of the same body part
113
Q

EI_s #’s Linear Response

A

-As exposure increases the EI_s increases

114
Q

EI # Direct Response
Carestream/Kodak
Philips Digital

A

Double the exposure=EI increases by 300
Halve the exposure=EI decreases by 300

Double the exposure=Halve the EI number

115
Q

SNR (Signal to noise ratio) components

A
  1. Signal-meaningful pattern carrying info about subject
  2. Noise-Chaotic pattern, carrying no info about subject
    - Quantum noise=quantum mottle
    - Electronic noise=created during amplification of the signal
116
Q

_________SNR=_________is HIGHER than __________

_________SNR=_________is LOWER than ___________

A

High, signal, noise

Low, signal, noise

117
Q

Shuttering/masking?

A

-Used to black out the white collimation borders eliminating glare

118
Q

Image Orientation?

A

-Allows us to rotate images

119
Q

Image Annotation?

A

-Allows additional info to be added to image

120
Q

2 Types of Magnification?

A
  1. Magnifying glass function-only one part of the image is being magnified
  2. Zoom function-the whole image is getting bigger
121
Q

Spacial Frequency Filtering ?

A

After signal is obtained for each pixel, to shorten process time and minimize storage the signals are averaged
-MORE pixels involved=SMOOTHER image

122
Q

What is High Pass Filtering? Low pass?

A
  • When frequencies are amplified
  • sharpening effect
  • increases contrast and edge effect
  • When frequencies are suppressed
  • Smoothing
  • Can lose small details, reduces noise and contrast
123
Q

Image stitching?

A

-Multiple images are stitched together to create on big image.

124
Q

4 main types of artifacts?

A
  1. Imaging plate artifacts
  2. Plate reader artifacts
  3. Image processing artifacts
  4. Printer artifacts
125
Q

What are imaging plate artifacts?

A
  • Usually due to aging or wear

- Plate becomes more prone to cracks due to constant removal and replacement within reader

126
Q

Static Artifacts? Backscatter?

A
  • Causes things to stick inside the IP

- Worn down or cracked areas of the lead coating on the cassette allow scatter to reach IP

127
Q

What are Image Processing Artifacts?

A

-Can occur from incorrect part selection or incorrect sampling

128
Q

What are Plate Reader Artifacts?

A
  • Any extraneous line patterns that appear randomly can be caused by issues with electronics
  • If IP is not completely erased residual info can be left before next exposure is taken
129
Q

What are Printer Artifacts?

A

-Fine white lines may appear on the image due to debris in the laser printer

130
Q

What are some examples of operator errors?

A
  • Collimation
  • Cassette Orientation
  • Technical Factor Selection
131
Q

What is image lag?

A

-when an image is taken before the detector has finished releasing all the signal for the previous image
Caused by : taking images in rapid succession, over exposure, areas with little beam attenuation

132
Q

A group of two or more computers linked together is a…..

A

Network

133
Q

LAN?

A

Local Area Network

-linked computers that are close together

134
Q

WAN?

A

Wide area Network

-Computers that are further apart and must be connected by telephone lines, cables, or radio waves

135
Q

Peer-to-Peer Network

A

Each party has the same capability and any party can initiate communication

136
Q

Client-Server Based Network

A 
Centralized Computer(server) controls operations, files and sometimes computer programs that are attached to the network. 
Server-computer that facilitates communication between and delivers info to other computers
137
Q

Network Components

  • Server
  • Think Client
  • Thick Client
A
  1. Manages resources for other computers, servers and networked devices
  2. Any device that requires a server to complete its tasks
  3. Computer that can work independently of the network
138
Q

4 Common Topology’s?

A
  1. Star
  2. Bus
  3. Ring
  4. Mesh
139
Q

What is Bus topology?

A
  • All devices physically attached to and listen for communication on a SINGLE wire
  • if wire breaks the whole thing stops
140
Q

What is Ring Topology?

A

Devices are connected in a circle, data travels in one direction until it reaches the correct receiver

141
Q

What is Star topology?

A

Devices connected to a central hub or switch

-Like a mailbox, anyone can grab anything whenever

142
Q

What is Mesh Topology?

A

Multiple pathways to connect devices and networks

143
Q

What is DICOM?

A
  • consists of 20 parts

- standard that makes the images viewable everywhere

144
Q

What is HIS?

A

-HOlds patient’s full medical info

145
Q

What is RIS?

A

-Holds all radiology specific patient data

146
Q

What is EMR?

A
  • Electronic Medical Record

- all info

147
Q

3 Fundamentals of PACS?

A

Image Acquisition
Display Workstations
Archiving

148
Q

What is Image Acquisition?

A

-Images are acquired in a digital format

149
Q

Review the 4 types of workstations

A
  1. Review
  2. Tech
  3. Radiologist
  4. Image Management
150
Q

Review Workstation

A
  • any computer used to view digital image

- minor manipulation

151
Q

Radiologist Workstation

A
  • used to make primary diagnosis

- highest quality

152
Q

Tech Workstation

A
  • review image before sending

- minor adjustments

153
Q

Image Management Workstation

A

-used to look up exams or print copies

154
Q

What are the common 4 functions of workstations

A
  1. Navigation-moving through image
  2. Image Manipulation-post processing stuff
  3. Image Management-can make changes
  4. Advanced-Multi-planar Reconstruction, Max and Min Intensity Projection, Volume Rendering Technique, Shade Surface Display
155
Q

PACS Archiving?

A

-file room for all DICOM images

156
Q

Image Manager?

A
  • Contains the master database of everything in the archive

- receipt retrieval and distribution

157
Q

Image Storage?

A

-Actual physical storage device of the archive system

158
Q

What is RAID?

A
  • Redundant array of independent discs

- Made of several magnetic discs or hard drives linked as an array

159
Q

Examples of Long term storage?

A
  • Optical Disk
  • Tape
  • Magnetic Disk

Apparatus and Image Final Exam (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions