Final Exam Review Flashcards
T/F- Deontological ethics can also be called utilitarianism.
False
T/F- it is okay for a true Kantian to lie to his grandmother about the pudding.
False
T/F- A utilitarian system of ethics upholds the rights of the minority.
False
T/F- Kantians believe in the greatest good for the greatest number defines moral right and wrong.
False
T/F- paternalism is the opposite of veracity.
False
T/F- teleological ethics is only concerned with the consequences of actions.
True
T/F- in some cases, lying is the morally right thing to do.
False
T/F- Epistemology seeks to answer questions about “what is true”.
False
T/F- For Kant, the rightness or wrongness of an act is based upon principles, not consequences.
True
The duty to respect the privacy of information or action is…?
Confidentiality
“One has the duty to treat all people fairly and equitably.” Best describes which principle?
Justice
Paternalism most clearly violates what ethical principle?
Autonomy
For the most part, in health care professions particularly, paternalism is justified because we are able to show that it is much more important to uphold this principle over autonomy…?
Beneficence
Define paternalism.
The interfering of one’s autonomy for what seems to be their own good.
….. Can be defined as who is capable of making rational and unconstrained decisions for their own well being.
An autonomous person
Disadvantages to utilitarianism.
Consequences are never certain.
Happiness is difficult to define.
Sometimes minority views are suppressed for those of the minority.
If you are utilitarian, you make ethical decisions based upon…?
Maximize the greatest amount of happiness and mani use the greatest amount of pain for the greatest amount of people.
HIPPA Laws, for the most part, are a direct manifestation of this ethical principle?
Confidentiality
What is Donald Cowart’s nickname?
Dax
A moral act must be binding on all people, at all times, with the same relevant circumstances is an example of…?
Consistency
All legitimate moral acts must be supported by generally accepted reasons is which principle?
Rationality
Finality is the principle that states….?
Some actions may override the demands of law, religion, and social customs.
Publicity is the principle that states..?
Ethical standards should be known and recognized by all those involved.
Justice is the principle that states…?
We must treat all fairly, distribute the risks and benefits equally.
Equality is the principle that states…?
We should treat others as moral equals.
Tolerance is the duty to understand and accept the viewpoints of others if…?
Reason dictates doing so.
What is the problem with using age as a factor for maturity?
Using life experiences as a measurement to test the level of maturity is a better idea. Ex. Those who have lost a parent/parents at the age of 15 is more mature that a 15 who has their parents.
Difference between beneficence and non-maleficence.
Beneficence- duty to do good both individually and for all.
Non-maleficence- duty to cause no harm, both individually and for all.
What needs to occur for there to be an issue involving the principle of least harm?
Least harm- choosing between evils, choose the least evil.
In order for that to happen, both circumstances are equally bad, and the patient’s autonomy is violated, and he is not the one making the decision.
What are 2 reasons that we have such high expectations of autonomy in the United States?
- First amendment (freedom of speech)- allows you the right of religion, and freedoms of speech.
- Became so independent, the less likely we will want others making choices for you in any situation. Ex. Your mom picking out your outfits for the day, or you food when you go out to eat.
How is it possible to both uphold beneficence and violate min-maleficence at the same time?
Lying. You are looking out for the patients safety regarding a topic, but violating non-maleficence by lying.
Define: state paternalism
When state makes a law to the public, not personally. No special treatment is taken, but better suited to promote and protect the public instead of just one person.
True or false- surgery to save a patient’s life does not violate non-maleficence.
False.
Non-maleficence is the duty to do the least harm for all and for individually.
True or false- according the WHO France has the best health care system in the world.
true
True or false- logic branch of philosophy interested in what is beautiful.
False
True or false- cloned organs would not have issues with your body rejecting them.
True. Using your own stem cells, you are able to clone your own organs and use them without worrying by rejection. Your cells, your DNA, etc.
True or false- SiCKO is an unbiased film.
False.
True or false- all stem cell research involved destroying a new, potential human life.
False
True or false- is it involuntary euthanize yourself.
False. Involuntary means expresses who he’s to not die.
True or false- using stem cells for research, terminates a potential human.
True- embryos
True or false- the people passing laws about your healthcare have free universal healthcare for life.
True
What is the fundamental opposite of the concept of autonomy?
Paternalism
When do you become a person in the United Staes?
When you are born
How many industrialized Western nations are there without Universal Healthcare?
1- United States of America
What is one way we could increase access to organs for those who need transplants?
Paying your way onto multiple UNOS lists.
The Supreme Court (SCOTUS) used the word “adequate” in a 1976 ruling. That word is significant. Why?
The term is too broad. It could mean something different for different people.
What is one problem with using a “social worth” system for allocating resources?
For each person, the categorizes change. Depending on your idea of social worth, it may differ from someone else.
Who does the enforcing for any ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) violations?
The disabled. They go around and hand out lawsuits like bubblegum in California.
Which country in the world pays the most per-person for healthcare?
United States of America
Epistemology Philosophy
What is knowledge?
Metaphysics philosophy
What is real?
Logic Philosophy
What is true?
Aesthetics philosophy
What is beauty?
Ethics philosophy
What is good? What is just?
Descriptive ethics
The study from the scientific perspective of why a person or society has specific moral beliefs
True or false: Donald Cowart’s autonomy was not violated.
False
Teleological ethics
The consequences determine the rightness or wrongness of an act.
Deontological ethics
The motivation principles determine the rightness or wrongness of an act.
Utilitarianism-Teleological ethics
Advantages- flexible, impartial and universal, and easily understood and very traditional.
Disadvantages- minority can be suppressed, the ends justifies the means, and innocents may suffer.
Act utilitarianism
A person should always ACT in the way that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number.
Rule utilitarianism
Person should always follow a set of RULES, that if applied correctly will maximize happiness for everyone.
Deontology all ethics- KANTIAN ETHICS
Rightness or wrongness of an act does not have anything to do with the consequences of this act, but how the action conforms to moral principles.
What is the motive behind the act, not what happened.
Deontological ethics - Kantian ethics
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages- common sense, respect for persons is a core belief, and individuals have rights.
Disadvantages- ends do justify means-right? Is this really applicable? NEVER lie or break a promise?
Stem Cells
- immortal
- Divide indefinitely
- do not genetically degrade
- once a cell line is established, it can be grown and used by multiple researchers for indefinite periods of time.
- will grow into whatever cells they are surrounded by- repairing tissues, growing organs, etc.
Positive Eugenics
Strives to increase the number of helpful or good traits in a population.
Negative engenics
Attempts to reduce or eliminate the number of harmful or unwanted genes In a population.
Euthanasia
Act of killing someone painlessly, esp to relieve suffering from an incurable illness.
Greek: eu+thanos (easy death)
Eithanasia- part 1
Who did the act- self or other?
Euthanasia- part 2
Was the act active or passive?
Euthanasia- part 3
Was the person who was euthanized a VOLUNTARY, INVOLUNTARY, OR NINVOLUNTARY?
Euthanasia- self or other
Self- the person in question causes the death or the specific events that lead to the death.
Other- someone other than the person in question caused the death or the specific events that lead to the death.
Euthanasia- part 2
Active or passive
Active- the action taken itself caused the death.
Passive- “nature takes its course”- the item prevention death is removed, and the patient is allowed to die.
Euthanasia- part 3
Voluntary, involuntary or non voluntary
Voluntary- the patient expressed his or her wish to die.
Involuntary- the patient has expressed his or her wish NOT to die.
Non-voluntary-the wishes of the patient are UNKNOWN.
Pandemic
An epidemic of infectious disease that is spreading through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents or even worldwide.
HIV/AIDS
Transmission: the highest causes of transmission of HIV are:
- sexual transmission-all forms
- mother to child- pregnancy, birth, breast feeding
- blood products- transfusions, needles, equipment
