Final Exam Review Flashcards
Stamp Act
First DIRECT tax
Very upsetting
Tax on paper products like newspaper, cards, …
England always had stamp tax
Lawyers also angry because legal documents weren’t legal without stamp
No taxation without representation
Quote from James Otis’ pamphlet
Rallying cry of war
Townshend Acts
Tax on everyday things such as paint, paper, glass, lead, and tea
Boston Tea Party
Planned by Sons of Liberty
Disguised as Mohawk Indians, they calmly and orderly got on 3 ships of tea
Dumped 342 chests of tea in harbor
Intolerable Acts
Nickname for the laws
Coercive acts, Quebec act
1st Continental Congress
12 colonies (no Georgia)
Philly’s carpenter hall (AKA independence hall)
They promised to meet again
Patriots / loyalists
Patriots against Britain
Loyalists are loyal to Britain
Charles Cornwallis
“Surrenders” at Yorktown: Was “sick” and couldn’t surrender to Washington
Sent second in command who gave it to Rochambeau and then a whole string of confusion
British General that ended rev war
William Howe
British ARMY general
Second Continental Congress
They run country for war
Declare independence
13/13
Form army and name Washington commanding general
George Washington
US general for continental army
Delegate form Virginia at 2nd CC
showed up with new tailored suit
Thomas Jefferson
Write Dec of independence Louisiana purchase (loose/strict construction) Embargo act (failure) His tie with Adams and after that Burr trying to steal presidency
Lexington and Concord
- “Shot heard round the world”
- Midnight ride
- British fled to Concord, where they were pelted
- Heard them coming
- Blood has been shed
Bunker Hill
British won, but we proved we could hurt them
Colonel Prescott gained fame: “Don’t fire till you see the whites of their eyes”
Trenton and Princeton
American win
Washington doesn’t get replaced
Completes fighting for 1776
Battle of Brandywine
9/11/1777
Largest battle of war
British capture Philly
We lose battle, but not war
Battle of Saratoga
THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR
foreign aid is decided (from French, Spanish, Netherlands, and Poland)
Gates given credit
Battle of Yorktown
Finale
Cornwallis surrenders
French helps!
Ends hope for British
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Ends rev war
Boundary = Mississippi
We get independence
Constitutional Convention
Independence Hall
55 delegates
4 months
12/13 states, Rhode Island was missing
People who weren't there: Thomas Jefferson- ambassador to France John Adams- ambassador to Britain Richard Henry Lee- too old John Hancock- too old Patrick Henry- “he smelled a rat,” didn't trust it
Virginia Plan
Presented by Edmund Randolph, written by Madison
2 houses, one voted on and based on population, other chosen by state legislatures
Favored big states
New Jersey Plan
Presented by William Paterson
One house congress, 2 senators from each state
Favored small states
Compromises Great Compromise 3/5 Compromise Commerce Compromise Executive Compromise
Great: presenter= Roger Sherman, Fused Virginia and New Jersey plans to make 2-house congress
3/5: counted slaves as 3/5 of a person
Commerce: Congress can tax imports but never exports
Executive: created power of impeachment no electoral college
3 branches of government
Legislative: 2-house congress, HOR and senate, creates laws
Executive: president, enforces laws
Judicial: Supreme Court, interprets laws
Federalism
Support of Constitution
Federalists: yes
Anti-Federalists: no
Electoral College
Indirect election
People chose electors who then chose President
Federalists
In favor of the new Constitution
Believed in a strong federal gov and the Articles had been too weak
Antifederalist
Opposed the new Constitution
Wanted more power to state gov’ts
Demanded bill of rights
Bill of Rights
Protection for people’s civil liberties
George Mason- father of BOR
Swayed many Antifederalists to be in favor on Constitution
Checks and Balances
Branches check each other and keep gov in balance
The Cabinet
Help president
Not in Constitution
Departments: State, Treasury, war/defense, attorney general
Hamilton’s Financial Plans
Must pay Fr., Sp., Neth. back to establish nation’s strong credit
Must pay war bonds back to Americans plus the interest expected
US gov’t must assume all state debts from the Rev War
Gov’t must establish a National Bank for deposits and loans & for cash flow
Congress must pass tariffs on imports & an excise tax for gov’t income
Strict vs. Loose construction
Elastic clause
Strict: only do what gov says can do
Loose: can do anything not forbidden
Judiciary Act of 1789
Creates court system
Law declared unconstitutional by Marbury v. Madison
Used power of judicial review
Washington’s Farewell Address
Advice: avoid alliances, avoid political parties, remain neutral
XYZ affair
Agents X, Y, Z demanded a bribe for US diplomats to meet with him (1798), a loan & an apology from Adams for supposedly saying anti-French things
Alien and Sedition Acts
Raised time to become citizen to 14 years
“disloyal” immigrants arrested & deported
Sedition part – forbid critical speech about the US gov’t
AGAINST FIRST AMENDMENT
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Created states right theory
Made to deal with alien and sedition acts
Later on, they use this to get secession
Louisiana Purchase
US offered 10 million for New Orleans, France answered with 15 million for all
Doubled size of US
However: Jefferson used loose construction, even though he was pro-strict construction
Lewis and Clark Expidition
Exploration of Louisiana territory
Proclamation of 1763
Way for England to save money
No settlers to protect
Fur trappers had to have royal permission to go there
England did not believe it would be a permanent law
Veterans of F&I War felt they had fought for right to move west – so instantly angered
Embargo Act
Forbid trade outside of US Keep ships and sailors out of trouble Everyone hates it No trade = no money Part of Jefferson's presidency
War of 1812
Causes: impressment, and guns to Indians Effects: Britain = ally New leaders Preserved independence Slow death of Federalists
Battles of War of 1812
- Lake Erie
- Bladensburg
- Ft. McHenry
- New Orleans
Lake Erie:
Bladensburg: Loss led to burning of white and dolly Madison saving paintons
Ft. McHenry:
New Orleans:
Treaty of Ghent
Ends war of 1812
Hartford Convention
New England wanted to separate country to make separate peace with England to stop war of 1812
Look like traitors
Beginning of end of Federalist Party
Industrial Revolution
Textile factories from britain Respectable jobs for women Cotton gin = more slavery Steam boats Railroads later on
Protective Tariffs
New tax on factories/industries
Railroads, canals, and steamboats
Slowly, railroads replaced canals
Steamboats worked on canals
Railroads = later on
Cotton gin
Reinforced slavery
John Marshall
First Chief Justice
Set example for future
Did not want to move Indians but Jackson defied him
Judicial review
power to cancel legislative or executive acts which the judges declare to be unconstitutional
Era of Good Feelings
People felt good and united
Washington Irving
Wrote short stories during Era of Good Feelings
Missouri Compromise
Missouri slave state, Maine free state
Established 36-30 line (for rest of Louisiana Purchase)
Above line is free, below line is slave
JQA quote
*Both Jefferson & John Quincy Adams predicted problems with the precedent set
American System
Proposed by Henry Clay New tariffs to protect industries/factories (protective tariffs) Second National Bank 1st one had expired Improved transportation systems
Monroe Doctrine
Closed Western Hemisphere to colonization
Enforced (then) with British help & their navy (today obviously on our own)
KEYSTONE of today’s foreign policy
Jacksonian Democracy
Favored common people, opposed wealthy
“Regular” people began to truly participate in politics
Trail of Tears
Forced relocation of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
Jackson defied a Supreme Court ruling
Many died, horrible conditions
Manifest Destiny
Exploration
John L. O’Sullivan
Wrote an influential editorial in favor of expansion
Immigration
Mostly from Ireland and Germany
Election of 1824
4 dem-rep candidates
No one won enough votes
House of Rep voted for John Quincy Adams
Henry Clay = Secretary of State
Tariff of Abominations
Very high tax rates on imported goods
To make the American made products cheaper
Really disliked in the South
Henry Clay
Proposed American system Secretary of state- election of 1824 Speaker of HOR made compromises (Missouri of 1820 and of 1850) One of 3 main speakers in great debate
Daniel Webster
Made the dictionary
War Hawks
Young western Congressmen who wanted war w/ Britain
Led by Henry Clay
Wanted to gain land in Canada
John C. Calhoun
Died during great debate and was good speaker
Proposed one of 4 parts- Argument based on fifth amendment
Second Nation Bank of US
Part of American system (Henry Clay)
First had expired
Was opposed in Jacksonian democracy (because bank favored the wealthy)
Democrats
Jackson’s supporters
AKA democratic republicans
One of first political parties
Whigs
Opponents of Jacksonian Democrats
Succeeded by Republican Party
Key Leader: Henry Clay
Formed in 1834
Texas Revolution
Bloody hell
Colonists in the Mexican province of Texas rebelled against the Mexican government
Sam Houston
Led the Texans and drew Santa Anna eastward into a trap
1st and only president of lone star republic
“Fifty-four, forty or fight!”
Popular slogan that led Polk to victory of expansion
Fifty shades of manifest destiny
Treaty of 1846
Treaty with Britain for Oregon
Didn’t fight for Oregon
49th parallel established as boundary
Mexican - American War
US annexed Texas Dispute between borders: US said rio grande, Mexico said Neuces River Polk sent Taylor to defend rio grande Santa Anna called that invasion North and East did not support War US wins
Old Rough and Ready
Zachary Taylor’s nickname
Treaty of Guadalupe-hildalgo
Rio Grande established as boundary
US get Mexican Cession
Ends Mexican-American war
Mexican Cession
Land ceded to US by Mexico
Includes states of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado
California Gold Rush
A gold rush that occurred in California
Owner of mill: John Sutter
Employee who first found gold: James Marshall
Brigham Young
Led Mormons into Salt Lake City
Water rights out west
Gadsden Purchase
1853 from Mexico for $10 million
James Gadsden sent to purchase land
Wanted for a transcontinental railroad route
Paid so much to make amends for huge loss in Mexican War
Last straw for Mexican people = end of Santa Anna’s rule
Second Great Awakening
Made people realize we need to change slavery, women’s rights, …
Era of good feelings
religious revival
Abolition/Abolitionist movement
Abolition definition: the act of officially ending or stopping something
Movement: to end slavery
Frederick Douglass
A leader of abolitionist movement
William Lloyd Garrison
Prominent American abolitionist
Best known as editor of abolitionist newspaper: The Liberator
Harriet Tubman
Famous conducted of Underground Railroad
Helped her parents escape
Carried a gun
Henry David Thoreau
Developed idea of passive resistance
Was inspired by Ralph Waldo Emerson
He himself inspired Ghandi and MLK
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading figure of early women’s rights movement
Abolitionist
Suffrage
The right to vote
Popular Sovereignty
People would VOTE to be a slave or free state
Kansas - Nebraska Act
Leads to bleeding Kansas, which leads to formation of Republican Party and Brooks vs. Sumner
Stephen Douglas
Exact opposite of Lincoln
Want railroad through Chicago
Against Lincoln for senate seat
Won the senate seat but will never get presidency
Free Soil Party
First political party to take a stand against slavery
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
Set fire to the nation
Compromise of 1850
Admit California as free state
Rest of Mexican Cession made into 2 territories (Utah & NM)
Slave TRADE abolished in Washington DC
New fugitive slave law (if caught helping faced fines &/or jail)
Wilmot Proviso
Proposed by Davis Wilmot (PA)
Proposed to ban slavery in any lands
John Brown
Led Harper ferry raid
Was arrested by Robert E Lee and executed
Was very calm during interview
Scared southerners
Bleeding Kansas
The 1854 to 1856 violence between proslavery and anti-slavery supporters in Kansas
Dred Scott v. Sanford
- conflict
- three issues
- Congress couldn’t ban slavery, reasons and reactions
- Since Dred Scott had lived in a free state (WI) he was a free man
- Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote decision
- Dealt with three issues:
- Was he a citizen w/ the right to sue in federal court? no, so he could not start this court, and no person of African blood had rights of citizenship
- Did living in free territory make him free? No, living in free territory had no bearing on the matter
- Was the Missouri Compromise constitutional? NO, it was unconstitutional
- Congress could not ban slavery anywhere
- protected by 5th Amendment (Calhoun)
- South thrilled with decision
- Republicans were outraged (decided – must win the presidency so could choose new justices)
Election of 1860
Rep- Abraham Lincoln
S. Dem- John Breckinridge
N. Dem- Stephen Douglas
Constitutional Union party- John Bell
Democrats split, so helped Lincoln and Bell
Seccession
Definition: the act of separating from a nation or state and becoming independent
South Carolina is first
in next 8 weeks: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
Civil Advantages
North has more: states, territories, population, factories, workers, RR track/equipment, money, gold, agriculture, Navy/blockade, Lincoln
South: cotton, leaders, Robert E. Lee, passion, home field, good riders, good with weapons
Confederate States of America
1st and only President: Jefferson Davis
Consists of states that seceded from US
Bull Run
First: Jackson got nicknamed Stonewall, South wins, North realizes this war might last, people organize a frickin picnic like who the fuck would eat lunch while watching people DIE
Second: South wins again, again protected Richmond
Antietam
Lee vs McClellan
North wins, they had copy of Lee’s battle plans
Bloodiest day of war (Creek ran red with blood)
Battle of Gettysburg
1- only battle fought in a Northern state
2 - TURNING POINT of the war!!!
3 - bloodiest battle of war (3 days)
Also, biggest and most massive battle of war in term of number of troops
Lee vs Meade (both commanding generals)
Battle of Vicksburg
North wins
North now has total control of Mississippi River
Emancipation Proclamation
*Changes purpose of war
Effects in Confederate states only
Gettysburg address
To dedicate cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield
Gave first hint of forgiveness to south
With malice toward none…
More words that show forgiveness
In Lincoln’s second inaugural speech
Appomattox Courthouse
Formal surrender between Lee and Grant
End of civil war
Reconstruction
Program implemented by federal government to repair damage to the south caused by the civil war and restore the southern states to the union
Occurred between 1865 and 1877
Ten Percent Plan
If:
- ten percent of a southern state’s voters took a loyalty oath to the union
- if the state’s constitution abolished slavery and provided education for African Americans
Then:
- the state could set up a new government
- the state would regain representation in Congress
Radical Republicans
Congressman who advocated full citizenship rights for African-Americans along with a harsh reconstruction policy toward the south
Tenure of Office Act
Congress passed it too limit the Presidents power (by having the President need Senate approval to remove certain officials from office)
13th Amendment
abolished slavery
14th amendment
defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law
15th amendment
guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude
Ku Klux Klan
Organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups
Enforcement Act
laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen’s right to vote
Proclamation of 1763
Colonists can’t cross the Appalachian Mountains
