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Early American History > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Stamp Act

A

First DIRECT tax
Very upsetting
Tax on paper products like newspaper, cards, …
England always had stamp tax
Lawyers also angry because legal documents weren’t legal without stamp

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2
Q

No taxation without representation

A

Quote from James Otis’ pamphlet

Rallying cry of war

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3
Q

Townshend Acts

A

Tax on everyday things such as paint, paper, glass, lead, and tea

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4
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

Planned by Sons of Liberty
Disguised as Mohawk Indians, they calmly and orderly got on 3 ships of tea
Dumped 342 chests of tea in harbor

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5
Q

Intolerable Acts

A

Nickname for the laws

Coercive acts, Quebec act

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6
Q

1st Continental Congress

A

12 colonies (no Georgia)
Philly’s carpenter hall (AKA independence hall)
They promised to meet again

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7
Q

Patriots / loyalists

A

Patriots against Britain

Loyalists are loyal to Britain

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8
Q

Charles Cornwallis

A

“Surrenders” at Yorktown: Was “sick” and couldn’t surrender to Washington
Sent second in command who gave it to Rochambeau and then a whole string of confusion

British General that ended rev war

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9
Q

William Howe

A

British ARMY general

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10
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

They run country for war
Declare independence
13/13
Form army and name Washington commanding general

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11
Q

George Washington

A

US general for continental army
Delegate form Virginia at 2nd CC
showed up with new tailored suit

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12
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A 
Write Dec of independence
Louisiana purchase (loose/strict construction)
Embargo act (failure)
His tie with Adams and after that Burr trying to steal presidency
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13
Q

Lexington and Concord

A
  • “Shot heard round the world”
  • Midnight ride
  • British fled to Concord, where they were pelted
  • Heard them coming
  • Blood has been shed
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14
Q

Bunker Hill

A

British won, but we proved we could hurt them

Colonel Prescott gained fame: “Don’t fire till you see the whites of their eyes”

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15
Q

Trenton and Princeton

A

American win
Washington doesn’t get replaced
Completes fighting for 1776

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16
Q

Battle of Brandywine

A

9/11/1777
Largest battle of war
British capture Philly
We lose battle, but not war

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17
Q

Battle of Saratoga

A

THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR
foreign aid is decided (from French, Spanish, Netherlands, and Poland)
Gates given credit

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18
Q

Battle of Yorktown

A

Finale
Cornwallis surrenders
French helps!
Ends hope for British

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19
Q

Treaty of Paris, 1783

A

Ends rev war
Boundary = Mississippi
We get independence

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20
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

Independence Hall
55 delegates
4 months
12/13 states, Rhode Island was missing

People who weren't there:
Thomas Jefferson- ambassador to France
John Adams- ambassador to Britain
Richard Henry Lee- too old
John Hancock- too old
Patrick Henry- “he smelled a rat,” didn't trust it
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21
Q

Virginia Plan

A

Presented by Edmund Randolph, written by Madison
2 houses, one voted on and based on population, other chosen by state legislatures
Favored big states

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22
Q

New Jersey Plan

A

Presented by William Paterson
One house congress, 2 senators from each state
Favored small states

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23
Q 
Compromises
Great Compromise
3/5 Compromise
Commerce Compromise
Executive Compromise
A

Great: presenter= Roger Sherman, Fused Virginia and New Jersey plans to make 2-house congress
3/5: counted slaves as 3/5 of a person
Commerce: Congress can tax imports but never exports
Executive: created power of impeachment no electoral college

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24
Q

3 branches of government

A

Legislative: 2-house congress, HOR and senate, creates laws
Executive: president, enforces laws
Judicial: Supreme Court, interprets laws

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25
Q

Federalism

A

Support of Constitution
Federalists: yes
Anti-Federalists: no

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26
Q

Electoral College

A

Indirect election

People chose electors who then chose President

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27
Q

Federalists

A

In favor of the new Constitution

Believed in a strong federal gov and the Articles had been too weak

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28
Q

Antifederalist

A

Opposed the new Constitution
Wanted more power to state gov’ts
Demanded bill of rights

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29
Q

Bill of Rights

A

Protection for people’s civil liberties
George Mason- father of BOR
Swayed many Antifederalists to be in favor on Constitution

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30
Q

Checks and Balances

A

Branches check each other and keep gov in balance

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31
Q

The Cabinet

A

Help president
Not in Constitution
Departments: State, Treasury, war/defense, attorney general

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32
Q

Hamilton’s Financial Plans

A

Must pay Fr., Sp., Neth. back to establish nation’s strong credit
Must pay war bonds back to Americans plus the interest expected
US gov’t must assume all state debts from the Rev War
Gov’t must establish a National Bank for deposits and loans & for cash flow
Congress must pass tariffs on imports & an excise tax for gov’t income

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33
Q

Strict vs. Loose construction

A

Elastic clause
Strict: only do what gov says can do
Loose: can do anything not forbidden

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34
Q

Judiciary Act of 1789

A

Creates court system
Law declared unconstitutional by Marbury v. Madison
Used power of judicial review

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35
Q

Washington’s Farewell Address

A

Advice: avoid alliances, avoid political parties, remain neutral

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36
Q

XYZ affair

A

Agents X, Y, Z demanded a bribe for US diplomats to meet with him (1798), a loan & an apology from Adams for supposedly saying anti-French things

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37
Q

Alien and Sedition Acts

A

Raised time to become citizen to 14 years
“disloyal” immigrants arrested & deported
Sedition part – forbid critical speech about the US gov’t
AGAINST FIRST AMENDMENT

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38
Q

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

A

Created states right theory
Made to deal with alien and sedition acts
Later on, they use this to get secession

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39
Q

Louisiana Purchase

A

US offered 10 million for New Orleans, France answered with 15 million for all
Doubled size of US
However: Jefferson used loose construction, even though he was pro-strict construction

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40
Q

Lewis and Clark Expidition

A

Exploration of Louisiana territory

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41
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

Way for England to save money
No settlers to protect
Fur trappers had to have royal permission to go there
England did not believe it would be a permanent law
Veterans of F&I War felt they had fought for right to move west – so instantly angered

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42
Q

Embargo Act

A 
Forbid trade outside of US
Keep ships and sailors out of trouble
Everyone hates it
No trade = no money
Part of Jefferson's presidency
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43
Q

War of 1812

A 
Causes: impressment, and guns to Indians
Effects: Britain = ally
New leaders
Preserved independence
Slow death of Federalists
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44
Q

Battles of War of 1812

  • Lake Erie
  • Bladensburg
  • Ft. McHenry
  • New Orleans
A

Lake Erie:
Bladensburg: Loss led to burning of white and dolly Madison saving paintons
Ft. McHenry:
New Orleans:

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45
Q

Treaty of Ghent

A

Ends war of 1812

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46
Q

Hartford Convention

A

New England wanted to separate country to make separate peace with England to stop war of 1812
Look like traitors
Beginning of end of Federalist Party

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47
Q

Industrial Revolution

A 
Textile factories from britain
Respectable jobs for women
Cotton gin = more slavery
Steam boats
Railroads later on
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48
Q

Protective Tariffs

A

New tax on factories/industries

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49
Q

Railroads, canals, and steamboats

A

Slowly, railroads replaced canals
Steamboats worked on canals
Railroads = later on

50
Q

Cotton gin

A

Reinforced slavery

51
Q

John Marshall

A

First Chief Justice
Set example for future
Did not want to move Indians but Jackson defied him

52
Q

Judicial review

A

power to cancel legislative or executive acts which the judges declare to be unconstitutional

53
Q

Era of Good Feelings

A

People felt good and united

54
Q

Washington Irving

A

Wrote short stories during Era of Good Feelings

55
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

Missouri slave state, Maine free state
Established 36-30 line (for rest of Louisiana Purchase)
Above line is free, below line is slave
JQA quote

*Both Jefferson & John Quincy Adams predicted problems with the precedent set

56
Q

American System

A 
Proposed by Henry Clay
New tariffs to protect industries/factories (protective tariffs)
Second National Bank
1st one had expired
Improved transportation systems
57
Q

Monroe Doctrine

A

Closed Western Hemisphere to colonization
Enforced (then) with British help & their navy (today obviously on our own)
KEYSTONE of today’s foreign policy

58
Q

Jacksonian Democracy

A

Favored common people, opposed wealthy

“Regular” people began to truly participate in politics

59
Q

Trail of Tears

A

Forced relocation of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
Jackson defied a Supreme Court ruling
Many died, horrible conditions

60
Q

Manifest Destiny

A

Exploration

61
Q

John L. O’Sullivan

A

Wrote an influential editorial in favor of expansion

62
Q

Immigration

A

Mostly from Ireland and Germany

63
Q

Election of 1824

A

4 dem-rep candidates
No one won enough votes
House of Rep voted for John Quincy Adams
Henry Clay = Secretary of State

64
Q

Tariff of Abominations

A

Very high tax rates on imported goods
To make the American made products cheaper
Really disliked in the South

65
Q

Henry Clay

A 
Proposed American system
Secretary of state- election of 1824
Speaker of HOR
made compromises (Missouri of 1820 and of 1850)
One of 3 main speakers in great debate
66
Q

Daniel Webster

A

Made the dictionary

67
Q

War Hawks

A

Young western Congressmen who wanted war w/ Britain
Led by Henry Clay
Wanted to gain land in Canada

68
Q

John C. Calhoun

A

Died during great debate and was good speaker

Proposed one of 4 parts- Argument based on fifth amendment

69
Q

Second Nation Bank of US

A

Part of American system (Henry Clay)
First had expired
Was opposed in Jacksonian democracy (because bank favored the wealthy)

70
Q

Democrats

A

Jackson’s supporters
AKA democratic republicans
One of first political parties

71
Q

Whigs

A

Opponents of Jacksonian Democrats
Succeeded by Republican Party
Key Leader: Henry Clay
Formed in 1834

72
Q

Texas Revolution

A

Bloody hell

Colonists in the Mexican province of Texas rebelled against the Mexican government

73
Q

Sam Houston

A

Led the Texans and drew Santa Anna eastward into a trap

1st and only president of lone star republic

74
Q

“Fifty-four, forty or fight!”

A

Popular slogan that led Polk to victory of expansion

Fifty shades of manifest destiny

75
Q

Treaty of 1846

A

Treaty with Britain for Oregon
Didn’t fight for Oregon
49th parallel established as boundary

76
Q

Mexican - American War

A 
US annexed Texas
Dispute between borders: US said rio grande, Mexico said Neuces River
Polk sent Taylor to defend rio grande
Santa Anna called that invasion
North and East did not support War
US wins
77
Q

Old Rough and Ready

A

Zachary Taylor’s nickname

78
Q

Treaty of Guadalupe-hildalgo

A

Rio Grande established as boundary
US get Mexican Cession
Ends Mexican-American war

79
Q

Mexican Cession

A

Land ceded to US by Mexico

Includes states of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado

80
Q

California Gold Rush

A

A gold rush that occurred in California
Owner of mill: John Sutter
Employee who first found gold: James Marshall

81
Q

Brigham Young

A

Led Mormons into Salt Lake City

Water rights out west

82
Q

Gadsden Purchase

A

1853 from Mexico for $10 million
James Gadsden sent to purchase land
Wanted for a transcontinental railroad route
Paid so much to make amends for huge loss in Mexican War
Last straw for Mexican people = end of Santa Anna’s rule

83
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

Made people realize we need to change slavery, women’s rights, …
Era of good feelings
religious revival

84
Q

Abolition/Abolitionist movement

A

Abolition definition: the act of officially ending or stopping something
Movement: to end slavery

85
Q

Frederick Douglass

A

A leader of abolitionist movement

86
Q

William Lloyd Garrison

A

Prominent American abolitionist

Best known as editor of abolitionist newspaper: The Liberator

87
Q

Harriet Tubman

A

Famous conducted of Underground Railroad
Helped her parents escape
Carried a gun

88
Q

Henry David Thoreau

A

Developed idea of passive resistance
Was inspired by Ralph Waldo Emerson
He himself inspired Ghandi and MLK

89
Q

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A

Leading figure of early women’s rights movement

Abolitionist

90
Q

Suffrage

A

The right to vote

91
Q

Popular Sovereignty

A

People would VOTE to be a slave or free state

92
Q

Kansas - Nebraska Act

A

Leads to bleeding Kansas, which leads to formation of Republican Party and Brooks vs. Sumner

93
Q

Stephen Douglas

A

Exact opposite of Lincoln
Want railroad through Chicago
Against Lincoln for senate seat
Won the senate seat but will never get presidency

94
Q

Free Soil Party

A

First political party to take a stand against slavery

95
Q

Harriet Beecher Stowe

A

Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”

Set fire to the nation

96
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

Admit California as free state
Rest of Mexican Cession made into 2 territories (Utah & NM)
Slave TRADE abolished in Washington DC
New fugitive slave law (if caught helping faced fines &/or jail)

97
Q

Wilmot Proviso

A

Proposed by Davis Wilmot (PA)

Proposed to ban slavery in any lands

98
Q

John Brown

A

Led Harper ferry raid
Was arrested by Robert E Lee and executed
Was very calm during interview
Scared southerners

99
Q

Bleeding Kansas

A

The 1854 to 1856 violence between proslavery and anti-slavery supporters in Kansas

100
Q

Dred Scott v. Sanford

  • conflict
  • three issues
  • Congress couldn’t ban slavery, reasons and reactions
A
  • Since Dred Scott had lived in a free state (WI) he was a free man
  • Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote decision
  • Dealt with three issues:
    • Was he a citizen w/ the right to sue in federal court? no, so he could not start this court, and no person of African blood had rights of citizenship
    • Did living in free territory make him free? No, living in free territory had no bearing on the matter
    • Was the Missouri Compromise constitutional? NO, it was unconstitutional
  • Congress could not ban slavery anywhere
    • protected by 5th Amendment (Calhoun)
    • South thrilled with decision
    • Republicans were outraged (decided – must win the presidency so could choose new justices)
101
Q

Election of 1860

A

Rep- Abraham Lincoln
S. Dem- John Breckinridge
N. Dem- Stephen Douglas
Constitutional Union party- John Bell

Democrats split, so helped Lincoln and Bell

102
Q

Seccession

A

Definition: the act of separating from a nation or state and becoming independent
South Carolina is first
in next 8 weeks: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas

103
Q

Civil Advantages

A

North has more: states, territories, population, factories, workers, RR track/equipment, money, gold, agriculture, Navy/blockade, Lincoln

South: cotton, leaders, Robert E. Lee, passion, home field, good riders, good with weapons

104
Q

Confederate States of America

A

1st and only President: Jefferson Davis

Consists of states that seceded from US

105
Q

Bull Run

A

First: Jackson got nicknamed Stonewall, South wins, North realizes this war might last, people organize a frickin picnic like who the fuck would eat lunch while watching people DIE

Second: South wins again, again protected Richmond

106
Q

Antietam

A

Lee vs McClellan
North wins, they had copy of Lee’s battle plans
Bloodiest day of war (Creek ran red with blood)

107
Q

Battle of Gettysburg

A

1- only battle fought in a Northern state
2 - TURNING POINT of the war!!!
3 - bloodiest battle of war (3 days)
Also, biggest and most massive battle of war in term of number of troops
Lee vs Meade (both commanding generals)

108
Q

Battle of Vicksburg

A

North wins

North now has total control of Mississippi River

109
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A

*Changes purpose of war

Effects in Confederate states only

110
Q

Gettysburg address

A

To dedicate cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield

Gave first hint of forgiveness to south

111
Q

With malice toward none…

A

More words that show forgiveness

In Lincoln’s second inaugural speech

112
Q

Appomattox Courthouse

A

Formal surrender between Lee and Grant

End of civil war

113
Q

Reconstruction

A

Program implemented by federal government to repair damage to the south caused by the civil war and restore the southern states to the union
Occurred between 1865 and 1877

114
Q

Ten Percent Plan

A

If:

  • ten percent of a southern state’s voters took a loyalty oath to the union
  • if the state’s constitution abolished slavery and provided education for African Americans

Then:

  • the state could set up a new government
  • the state would regain representation in Congress
115
Q

Radical Republicans

A

Congressman who advocated full citizenship rights for African-Americans along with a harsh reconstruction policy toward the south

116
Q

Tenure of Office Act

A

Congress passed it too limit the Presidents power (by having the President need Senate approval to remove certain officials from office)

117
Q

13th Amendment

A

abolished slavery

118
Q

14th amendment

A

defined citizenship and guaranteed citizens equal protection under the law

119
Q

15th amendment

A

guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

120
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A

Organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups

121
Q

Enforcement Act

A

laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen’s right to vote

122
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

Colonists can’t cross the Appalachian Mountains

Early American History (2 decks)

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