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Community Health_NUR 410 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

simplified

1
Q

incidence rate

A

of new cases or disease

ex.) NEW breast cancer diagnosis in a year

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2
Q

prevalence rate

A

all existing cases of disease

ex.) all breast cancer diagnosis in a year

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3
Q

Sensitivity test

A

how well the test finds TRUE POSITIVES

true positive: when a diagnostic test and a diagnosis are the same in showing the presence of a disease or condition

Mnemonic: you need to be POSITIVE towards SENSITIVE people

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4
Q

specificity test

A

how well the test finds TRUE NEGATIVES

true negative: when a diagnostic test and a diagnosis are the same in showing the ABSENCE of a disease or condition

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5
Q

relative risk

A

compare the risk of the disease in EXPOSED people versus the risk of the same disease in UNEXPOSED people

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6
Q

calculate:
-people who are exposed to cigarette smoke get lung cancer 80% of the time
-nonsmokers only get lung cancer 5% of the time

what is the relative risk ratio

A

ratio: 80% to 5%

80/5=16

smokers are 16 times more likely to develop cancer relative to nonsmokers

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7
Q

ratios

A

comparisons between numbers

ex.) teacher-to-student ratio
1:20

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8
Q

proportions

A

special kind of ratio

the comparison is between one part of the whole thing itself

ex.) pizza
1:8 slices of pizza

incidence and prevalence

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9
Q

what are populations that suffer vulnerability

A

-prisoners
-veterans
-immigrants
-homeless persons

thing accessibility to resources and availability to resources

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10
Q

recidivism

A

a persons relapse into criminal behavior AFTER experiencing institutional intervention

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11
Q

what factors may INCREASE recidivism

A

-unemployment
-financial stability
-substance use/abuse
-all 5 SDOHs

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12
Q

what factors may DECREASE recidivism

A

-education
-employment
-strong social support
-access to mental health and substance abuse tx

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13
Q

trauma informed care

A

realizing the widespread impact of trauma and understand paths for recovery, knowledge about trauma into practices, and avoid re-tramatization

think veterans

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14
Q

why do we use trauma informed care

A

provide safe and welcoming environment to patients

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15
Q

two healthcare system qualities

A
  1. accessibility of healthcare
  2. shift to chronic disease care
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16
Q

accessibility of health care

A

universal healthcare is common…. but getting that healthcare to people who need it is a problem

ex. rural areas

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17
Q

shift to chronic disease care

A

most countries live in a chronic disease-burdened society

*we need to provide more prevention

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18
Q

how are homelessness and deinstitutionalization related

A

1960-community mental health act:

get persons w mental health challenges out of “asylums”

we were able to do this… but it resulted in lots of homelessness

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19
Q

what is the US’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

A

around 17%

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20
Q

what does the US spend most of its GDP on

A

on healthcare

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21
Q

what is wrong with the US GDP compared to other countries

A
  • even though we spend more of our GDP on healthcare, we do not have the best population-wide stats

ex.) lifespan, infant mortality

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22
Q

what is the problem with fast food companies eliminating food scarcity/malnutrition

A

-we could eliminate food scarcity, but have an increase in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other negative health effects

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23
Q

what type of neutraceutical is beneficial towards Americans?

A

anti-inflammatorys

  • vital because most Americans eat high pro-inflammatory diets (which lead to many diseases)
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23
Q

neutraceutical

A

-food (or a food component) that is health giving

-quality food w medicinal value

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24
vaccine hesitany
describes anyone who avoids vaccines due to fears that are not safe
25
how are HPV and vaccine hesitancy related?
because some vaccines are almost like the real thing (think live attenuated) the HPV cancer model has been used to support hesitancy
26
2 reasons the US should establish true, universal healthcare
1. many people use the ED as primary are site-EXPENSIVE -universal care would give access to primary care to everyone 2. many people don't have access to preventative services -screening-could prevent future diseases and costs
27
what do benzene, radon, and asbestos have in common
contaminants travel by air cancer risks
28
what do lead, mercury, and PCBs have in common
CNS toxicity
29
what do PCBs and benzenes have in common
-found all over -inhalation -avoid during pregnancy
30
what do pesticides and benzenes have in common
both can cause some type of cancer
31
responsibilities of nurses in disaster situations
1. assess community needs 2. conduct surveillance for communicable disease 3. provide on-site triage prn 4. document events/interventions
32
how are teddy roosevelt and barack obama similar in terms of population health?
both US presidents were "pro" universal healthcare
33
at what point in US history was healthcare universal
NEVER
34
similarities between social security and universal health care
1930s-FDRs New Deal: included universal health care alongside the social security plan
35
"Future of Nursing" recommendations
1. assess and eliminate discriminatory policies 2. leverage expertise of public health nurses 3. develop mechanisms for nurses' health and resiliency 4. communicate health equity-related issues 5. increase diversity in nursing 6. recognize successful contributors to health equity
36
6 bioterrorism agents
SAP BET Smallpox Anthrax Plague Botulism Ebola Tularemia
37
Health Belief Model (HBM)
perceived severity perceived susceptibility perceived benefits perceived barriers
38
"perceived" significance
how a person perceives/views the four variables of the HBM *will help decide the actions they will take*
39
ecologic behavior model
person and environment are interconnected behavior change: the environment must change with the person
40
examples of natural disasters
wildfires floods hurricanes tornadoes avalanches earthquakes tsunamis volcanic eruption thunderstorms drought
41
examples of human made disasters
chemical spills grid (power) outages ? cyberattacks war genocide terrorism deforestation famine
42
an oceanfront home built on stilts would attend to what kind of natural disasters
hurricanes tsunamis
43
how is incidence calculated
new cases divided by the # of people susceptible to that condition
44
how is prevalence calculated
all cases (new & old) of a disease or condition, divided by the # of people susceptible to that condition (may need multiple it by factors of 10 to get a number we can interpret)
45
adjusted rate
used to make a fairer comparison ex. males or females age adjusted
46
does colon cancer have a high incidence or prevalence rate
prevalence: because colon cancer is a chronic disease... not a deadly disease
47
does covid have a higher incidence or prevalence rate?
incidence and prevalence are close to equal usually with acute/ quick diseases
48
Healthy people 2040 goals that are not objectives/goals for healthy people 2030
1. increase # of gene based diseases curable using CRISPR 2. improve access to brain-computer-interfaces (didnt discuss) 3. increase # of tissue and organ replacement that can be preformed using induced pleuripotent stem cells (didnt discuss) 4. reduce vaccine hesitancy by increasing use of subunit vaccines 5. improve the shift from disease-focused healthcare to promotion/prevention focused healthcare (with anti-inflammatory foods)
49
examples of quantitative data
*Number Based* -means -medians -modes
50
examples of qualitative data
*Word Based* -interviews -discussions -blogs
51
mixed methods
both qualitative and quantitative data
52
descriptive date
"describes" a phenomenon ex. the HIV epidemic of the early 80s
53
analytic data
-descriptive work is done and the medical community knows what its dealing with ex. the AZT drug was brand new and people crossed their fingers hoping it would be beneficial for persons living with HIV
54
what kind of research can GENERATE hypotheses
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH gives researchers and scientists the data they need to start generating/thinking about hypotheses
55
what kind of research TESTS hypotheses
ANALYTIC RESEARCH puts hypotheses to the tests ex. 1. do GLP-1 injections cause weight loss (or just the placebo) 2. does changing all school lunches to anti-inflammatory cause less cardio disease later in life
56
case-control study features
-analytic design common: retrospective chart analysis
57
vaccine hesitancy: -which epi-model would be best to study
-wheel of causation -web of causation *these would allow people to examine multiple contributing factors to vaccine hesitancy
58
Primary prevention
PREVENT
59
Secondary Prevention
SCREEN
60
Tertiary Prevention
TREAT
61
Ebola and smallpox have what in common
1. both are viruses 2. require antivirals for tx 3. both have vaccines (only ebola is readily available) 4.BOTH MIGHT APPEAR ON POP-HEALTH FINAL!!!!
62
anthrax and tularemia have what in common
1. both are bacteria 2. require ABX for tx 3. can be transmitted for multiple routes 4. have signs and symptoms based on where the bacteria enters the body (pulmonary infection is most serious)
63
which bioterrorism agent had neurotoxicity as a means for causing mass macabre meyhem?
clostridium botulinum
64
when would we need to evacuate criteria
low toxicity long duration
65
stay in place (instead of evacuation) criteria
high toxicity short duration
66
which of the following have been used in the past? -nuclear bombs -chemical releases -non-nuclear bombs -bioterrorism
ALL OF THEM
67
compare: -Snow's broad street pump interventions -Nightingale's crimean war interventions
-both used relatively new knowledge of infections microorganisms to trial -germs!!
68
in respiratory infectious disease, why would health care personnel don PPE when working w/ asymptomatic individuals?
incubation latency- idea that a person can be infectious even before symptoms develop
69
what kind of percentages are necessary to achieve "herd immunity" for most infectious diseases?
percent of the population that needs to have immunity differs w each infectious agent decent range: 86-93% either achieved immunity by getting the actual infection before or receiving vaccines
70
why might a population that previously had herd immunity, lose that immunity?
1. migration of infectious virus to a non-human source 2. isolation of certain non-immune people to specific areas 3. death over time of individuals who contributed to the herd immunity 4. loss of immune integrity (immunosuppression)
71
pandemic
outbreak of a disease that spreads nationally
72
epidemic
outbreak of a disease that spreads quickly in an area
73
endemic
always present within a geographic area
74
cultural humility
better than "cultural competence" -we are not competent in other cultures -ask questions to learn about their culture -respect other cultures
75
community assessment
epidemiologic approach: -describe the disease or disability
76
community as partner
find an expertise in the community and get their personal experience of the community ex.) interviews
77
developmental models and approaches
how has the community developed over time
78
affordable care act
2010- require persons to carry health insurance -fine for not doing so focus on prevention more care for women and children
79
SDOH
SHEEN S- Social and community context H- Health care access and quality E- education access and quality E- economic stability N- Neighborhood and built environment
80
100 years of healthcare reform
1910- roosevelt- universal health care 1930- social security 1965- medicare & medicaid 1997- children's health insurance program 2010- affordable care act
81
live attenuated vaccine
genetic material plus protein shell
82
subunit vaccine
not as strong needs multiple doses no genetic material -COVID-19
83
what research has the strongest level of evidence
QUASI
84
what research has the second strongest level of evidence
randomized control trials
85
prospective vs retrospective
prospective: observe presumed effects over time retrospective: know end goals and look back at history
86
meta analysis
multiple studies analyzed -descriptive + analytic
87
how to calculate relative risk ratios?
exposure ____________ unexposed
88
what is the simplest model to study infectious diseases
Epi-Triad
89
what study looks at social aspects
web of causation
90
what study looks at a timeline
Natural History of disease
91
bioterrorism can go from an epidemic to a __________.
pandemic
92
environmental exposure pathway
1. source of contamination 2. environmental media and transportation 3. point of exposure 4. route of exposure 5. susceptible population
93
disaster management cycle
1. preparedness 2. mitigation-prevent from occurring 3. response 4. recovery 5. evaluation
94

Community Health_NUR 410 (10 decks)

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