Final exam review Flashcards
Describe volcanic ash
Corrosive, abrasive and hard
Pyroclastic ejecta
Block
Pre-existing rocks shattered by eruption.
What is a lava fountain?
Localized jet sprayed into the air by the rapid formation and expansion of gas bubbles.
What are GLOFs?
Glacial lake outburst floods- a glacial lake outbursts which causes a flood.
What are displacement waves?
Displacement waves is a sudden input of material into the lake.
What is a moraine?
Accumulation of rock and sediment transported by a glacier
What is the third pole?
Third largest reserve of freshwater outside of the polar region.
What is a freshnet (flooding)?
Flooding caused by snow melt.
What is riverine flooding?
flooding from the channel into dry land
What is porosity?
% of empty space in material
What is calving?
Ice splitting
What does a rating curve do?
Shows the logarithmic relationship between discharge and stage height.
What does the flood hydrograph reveal?
reveals basin lag time
What is the natural service function?
Benefits of flooding to the ecosystem (rejuvenates soil, cleans up habitats)
What is the floodplain?
Overflow of water from a channel onto normally dry land.
What is a stage?
River height
What is flood hydrograph?
Records stream’s changing discharge on relation to time and precipitation.
What are primary and secondary flooding hazards?
Primary- direct cause
Building and infrastructure damages
Flooding
Secondary- causes because of primary
pollution
disease
What is a tertiary hazard and what are some examples?
Long-term changes
loss of income
mental and physical health
What is a Coriolis effect?
air moves towards low pressure center
What is a reverse storm surge?
Storm surge travelling in the opposite direction.
What are hazards of hurricanes?
Heavy rainfall
Tornados
Storm surge
What is rapid intensification?
Wind speed increase to 56 mph or over in less than 24 hours.
What are cold waves?
period of unusual temperature
What is an omega block?
The movement of a jet stream curving around a heat dome in an omega shape.
What is polar Jet Stream?
Boundary between warm and cold air.
What is a polar vortex?
Band of strong wind from east to west.
What is mass wasting?
Movement of Earth material on a slope under the influence of gravity.
What is an angle of repose?
Driving force= resisting force
What has an effect on mass wasting?
Gravity
Grain to grain contact
Resisting force
Water
What is a slide?
Gravity drive, downward movement of earth material
What is the zone of weakness?
Separates slide material from underlying material
What is the (topographic) bench?
The surface of the area that has moved.
What is a translational slide?
Slide along a straight surface.
What is a rotational slide?
Along a curved surface.
What are flows?
Fluid, downslope movement of unconsolidated material
What are the different types of flows and its speeds?
Creep- very slow
Mudflow- rapid
Debris avalanche- extremely rapid
What are sensitive clay flows?
Change of material from solid to slurry- like fluid due to stress.
What are glaciomarine clay deposits?
Ice sheet retreat, seawater comes in, then evaporates.
What is a regressive clay flow?
Starts from off coast, then flows inland.
