Final Exam Review

Question 1

What is Humanism?

Answer 1

A basic concept that individuals have potential for personal advancement and achievement; value of individuals and their learning.

Question 2

What was a major cause of the Reformation?

Answer 2

Buying of indulgences that would erase sin and lessen time in purgatory.

Question 3

What was a major effect of the Reformation?

Answer 3

Weakened Catholic Church; splitting of the Roman Catholic Church; loss of papal power and influence.

Question 4

What was the Middle Passage?

Answer 4

The 2nd leg of the Triangle Trade; a deadly voyage from Africa to the Americas; cargo was enslaved persons.

Question 5

Who were the major colonizers of Central and South America?

Answer 5

Spain and Portugal; leaders during the Age of Exploration; divided the world in the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Question 6

Who is Adam Smith?

Answer 6

Wrote ‘The Wealth of Nations’; advocated for no government intervention in the economy; best supported by capitalism.

Question 7

What was the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 7

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods; first in England; consequences included child labor, pollution, horrible working conditions, and poor housing.

Question 8

What is Urbanization?

Answer 8

The movement of people from farms to cities; a product of the Industrial Revolution in England.

Question 9

What were the causes of the French Revolution?

Answer 9

Inequality between the 3 classes in France; the 3rd estate bore the economic burden.

Question 10

What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

Answer 10

A revolutionary document of the French Revolution. Written in 1789, it spelled out certain rights believed to be universal to all mankind. Patterned on the American Declaration of Independence.

Question 11

Who were the Enlightened Philosophers?

Answer 11

Advocates for government reform based on natural laws of humans.

Question 12

What natural resources powered the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 12

Cotton cloth (powered the textile industry) and coal (powered the steam engines).

Question 13

What was The Age of Revolutions?

Answer 13

Influenced greatly by the Enlightenment and desire for change of government away from absolutism.

Question 14

Who was Maximillian Robespierre?

Answer 14

Leader of the Reign of Terror; famously stated, ‘We should smother both the internal and external enemies..’.

Question 15

What is Natural Rights Philosophy?

Answer 15

Proposed by John Locke, it asserted that human beings had certain rights by nature, such as the rights to life, liberty, and property; evident in the Declaration of Independence.

Question 16

What was the Spanish Armada?

Answer 16

The English defeat of this signaled England’s area of dominance over Spain.

Question 17

What is Mercantilism?

Answer 17

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought; obtaining colonies around the world.

Question 18

Who was Francisco Pizarro?

Answer 18

Conquered the Inca Empire for Spain; benefited from Guns, Germs, and Steel.

Question 19

Who was Christopher Columbus?

Answer 19

His voyages led to permanent migration from Europe and Africa; treated Natives harshly and genocide ensued.

Question 20

Who was Hernan Cortes?

Answer 20

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547).

Question 21

Who was Louis XIV?

Answer 21

Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Question 22

Who was Charles I of England?

Answer 22

Son of King James; believed in the divine right of Kings; first monarch to be executed, setting a precedent that kings were not above the law.

Question 23

Who was Elizabeth I of England?

Answer 23

She had her rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded. Elizabeth I succeeded Mary and reestablished Protestantism in England; defeated the Spanish Armada, symbolizing England surpassing Spain’s power.

Question 24

Who was Catherine the Great?

Answer 24

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire, modernized Russia, and expanded the economy.

Question 25

Who was John Locke?

Answer 25

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property; believed people have the right to revolt if rights are being violated.

Question 26

Who was Baron de Montesquieu?

Answer 26

Believed government should have separation of powers.

Question 27

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

Answer 27

Believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority like monarchy.

Question 28

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

Answer 28

Leader in the creation of a united Germany; chancellor of Germany; master in diplomacy and established balance of power in Europe.

Question 29

Who was Karl Marx?

Answer 29

Wrote the Communist Manifesto, father of communism in response to the conditions of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 30

What was the American Revolution?

Answer 30

Involved the Declaration of Independence, French & Indian War, and the phrase ‘no taxation without representation’.

Question 31

What was the French Revolution?

Answer 31

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and ended with Napoleon’s overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799; notable events include the guillotine, Reign of Terror, and Napoleon.

Question 32

What was the Haitian Revolution?

Answer 32

War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas; led by Toussaint L’Ouverture.

Question 33

What was the Age of Exploration?

Answer 33

A time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and easier trade routes to China and India, resulting in genocide for many native people; associated with mercantilism and the Atlantic Slave Trade.

Question 34

What was the Enlightenment?

Answer 34

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Question 35

What is Absolutism?

Answer 35

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator, not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition.

Question 36

What was the Building of an Industrial City?

Answer 36

The water frame was used and began to replace the putting out or cottage system; factory jobs were in high demand and people moved from rural to urban places.

Question 37

What were the effects of the Columbian Exchange?

Answer 37

Columbus’ voyages were advertised thanks to the printing press, Pizarro conquered the Incas, and England gained dominance over colonization of North America.

Question 38

What is the Stuart dynasty?

Answer 38

After Queen Elizabeth Tudor’s death in 1603, the Stuart Line of rulers came, starting with James I, followed by Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II, and William of Orange.

Question 39

What is the Tudor line?

Answer 39

Henry VII (Henry Tudor); Henry VIII; Edward VI; Bloody Mary; Elizabeth I – achieved a long-lasting rule and defeated the Spanish Armada.

Question 40

What was the Death in the French Revolution?

Answer 40

Included the death of the King and Queen, the Reign of Terror, and then the death of Robespierre.

Question 41

What was the Haitian Revolution under Napoleon?

Answer 41

Civil War and successful revolution; all Haitians (freed and slave) were encouraged to revolt against his rule.

Question 42

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

Answer 42

A pledge made by the members of France’s National Assembly in 1789, vowing to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution; a fight against divine right and absolutism.

Question 43

What is a Conquistador?

Answer 43

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas who used their advantage of Guns, Germs, & Steel to conquer native civilizations; the Crown would be pleased as they followed the 3 Gs of Gold, Glory, and God.

Question 44

What was Napoleon’s Rule?

Answer 44

Brought stability to France by making peace with the Catholic Church, creating a civil code, establishing patriarchal authority, and controlling people with free speech and secret police.

Question 45

What was the Unification of Germany?

Answer 45

Started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics, resulting in the North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck’s previous spending; concluded with war with France.

Question 46

What was the Unification of Italy?

Answer 46

In 1860, an ally of Mazzini recruited volunteers and won control of Sicily; Garibaldi turned Naples and Sicily over to Victor Emmanuel, leading to Italy becoming a united nation.

Question 47

What is Realpolitik?

Answer 47

A term coined by Otto von Bismarck referring to foreign politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics.

Question 48

Who were Garibaldi and the Red Shirts?

Answer 48

A nationalistic group that had the support of many Italians; their support of the Italian King helped unify North and South Italy.

Question 49

What was the Enclosure Movement?

Answer 49

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Question 50

What is the Renaissance?

Answer 50

‘Rebirth’; a movement following the Middle Ages that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome.