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final exam review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the pumping chambers are the
right pumps ?
left pumps ?

the receiving chambers are the
right receives ? blood
left receives ? blood

A

ventricles, deoxy, oxy

atria, deoxy, oxy

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2
Q

↓ ADH release leads to:
↓ # of AQPs
↓ water ? in CD
↑ Output of ? urine

↑ ADH release leads to
↑ # of ? inserted in CD
↑ Water reabsorbed into capillaries
↓ Output of ? urine

A

reabsorption, dilute, aquaporins, concentrated

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3
Q

? carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
? carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

A

veins, arteries

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4
Q

pulmonary circuit sequence:

A

heart, lungs, heart

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5
Q

systemic circuit sequence:

A

heart, body systems, heart

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6
Q

the ? is large in children and atrophies as we age and produces ?

A

thymus, t-lymphocytes

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7
Q

lymph ? are responsible for cleaning ?, blood, saliva, and intestinal juice by filtering out harmful substances like ?, ? and damaged cells as the fluid passes thru them

A

nodes, lymph, bacteria, viruses

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8
Q

the function of the tonsils are to

A

stop germs and fight infection

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9
Q

the job of the ? patches and ? is to ? and ? bacteria from breaching intestinal wall into peritoneal cavity.
to generate ? cells for future exposure to pathogens

A

peyer’s, appendix, destroy, prevent, memory

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10
Q

func of spleen is to remove ? and ? and produce ?

A

RBC’s, pathogens, lymphocytes

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11
Q

The lymphatic system primarily functions to collect ? fluid from ? throughout the body, returning it to the ? while also filtering out harmful substances and ?

A

excess, tissues, bloodstream, pathogens

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12
Q

Bone marrow’s main function is to produce ?, ?, ?

A

RBC’s, WBC’s’, platelets

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13
Q

?: The primary male reproductive organ, responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.
?: A sac that holds the testes, maintaining a slightly cooler temperature necessary for sperm production.
?: A coiled tube on the surface of each testis where sperm mature and become motile before traveling to the vas deferens.
?: A muscular tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
?: Glands that contribute a fluid rich in fructose to the semen, providing energy for sperm movement.
?: Produces a fluid that helps nourish and protect sperm during ejaculation.
?: A tube that carries both urine and semen out of the body.

A

testes, scrotum, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra

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14
Q

Hormonal regulation:
?: Produced by the testes, this hormone is crucial for male sexual development, muscle mass, and bone density.
?: Stimulates sperm production in the testes.
?: Triggers testosterone production in the testes.

A

testosterone, FSH, LH

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15
Q

?:
Located on either side of the uterus, they produce eggs (ova) and secrete hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
?:
These tubes transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus, where fertilization by sperm typically occurs.
?:
A muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy.
?:
The opening of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
?:
A muscular tube that receives the penis during intercourse and serves as the birth canal.

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

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16
Q

? phase:
An egg matures within an ovarian follicle, and estrogen levels rise, causing the uterine lining to thicken.
?:
The mature egg is released from the ovary and travels through the fallopian tube.
? phase:
The ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to further prepare the uterine lining for potential implantation.
?:
If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual bleeding.

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation

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17
Q

?: The primary female hormone. this hormone production is dominant in the first half of the menstrual cycle.
?: Production of this hormone dominates in the second half of the menstrual cycle.
?: Responsible for starting follicle (egg) development.
?: Helps in egg maturation and triggers ovulation.
Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone causes ?

A

estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH
increased levels of inhibin which inhibits the release of FSH and LH

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18
Q

? ? acquired:
infection; contact with a pathogen (produces Tm)

A

active, naturally

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19
Q

? ? acquired:
antibodies passed from ? to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her ?

A

passive, naturally, mother, milk

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20
Q

? ? acquired:
vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens (produces Tm)

A

active artificially

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21
Q

? ? acquired:
injection of donated gamma globulin (antibodies)

A

passive artificially

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22
Q

what substance reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing lung collapse?
if u increase this substance you ? surface tension, no collapse
if u decrease this substance you ? surface tension, collapse

A

surfactant, decrease, increase

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23
Q

Pathway of Lymph
Lymphatic ?
Lymphatic ?
Lymphatic ?
Lymphatic ?
Lymphatic ?

A

capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunk, ducts

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24
Q

? lymphatic vessels are channels that carry lymph fluid and immune cells into lymph ?, where they are ? and processed.

? vessels carry filtered lymph away from lymph nodes and back to the ?

A

afferent, nodes, filtered, efferent, bloodstream

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25
Q

fertilization occurs in the

A

uterine tubes

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26
Q

pathway of urine

A

renal pyramid, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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27
Q

? System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
? System: Facilitates gas exchange, delivering oxygen to the blood and expelling carbon dioxide.
? System: Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption and energy production while eliminating waste.
? System: Controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body.

A

circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous

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28
Q

? System: Produces hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, and homeostasis.
? System: Provides structure, protection, and support for the body, and aids in movement.
? System: Enables body movement, posture, and generates heat through contraction.
? System: Protects the body from infections, diseases, and foreign invaders.

A

endocrine, skeletal, muscular, immune

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29
Q

? System: Protects the body from external damage, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss.
? System: Filters blood to remove waste products and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance.
? System: Enables the production of offspring through the creation of gametes and support of fetal development.
? System: Maintains fluid balance and supports the immune system by filtering and returning lymph to the bloodstream.

A

integumentary, urinary, reproductive, lymphatic

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30
Q

? stage (conception to around week 2), ? stage (week 3 to week 8), and ? stage (week 9 until birth)

A

germinal, embryonic, fetal

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31
Q

?: The cervix opens and thins, or effaces, to make room for the baby. This stage is the longest.
?: The baby is born. This stage lasts 30–60 minutes.
?: The placenta is delivered. This stage can take a few minutes to 60 minutes.

A

dilation, expulsion, placental

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32
Q

The medical term for “labor and delivery” is ?

A

parturition

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33
Q

sex organs are

A

testes, ovaries

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34
Q

gametes are

A

sperm, ova

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35
Q

composition of plasma:

A

92% water + 8% solutes; solutes being: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, electrolytes, plasma proteins

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36
Q

what decreases the effect of a hormone on a target cell

A

antagonistic hormones

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37
Q

? cells mature in the thymus
? cells mature in red bone marrow

A

T, B

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38
Q

Tc (? T cells) kill infected cells

Th (? T cells) assist other immune cells

Tregs (? T cells) help maintain immune tolerance

Tm (? T cells) provide long-term immunity

A

cytotoxic, helper, regulatory, memory

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39
Q

? ? Cells
Are non-phagocytic cells
Are non-specific ?
Constantly carry out immune surveillance and bind to target cells (cancer or infected cells) that lack “self-markers” or MHC markers (proteins)

these Cells can kill
1. ? cells
2. ? cells (virus infected cells)

A

natural killer, lymphocyte, cancer, infected

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40
Q

The body primarily gets rid of heat through ? and ?

A

sweating, urinating

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41
Q

?-soluble hormones cannot pass through the cell membrane and must bind to ? on the cell surface

A

water, receptors

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42
Q

?-soluble hormones can easily diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell bc we have a ?-?

A

lipid, pospholipid-bilayer

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43
Q

? = testosterone (males)
Estrogens and ? (females)

A

Androgens, progesterone

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44
Q

Thyroid hormone acts like a ? hormone because both types of hormones bind to intracellular ? within target cells, which then translocate to the nucleus and interact with ? to regulate gene expression

A

steroid, receptors, DNA

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45
Q

You only need certain vaccines once in a lifetime because some viruses are relatively stable with low ? rates, meaning the immune system can develop a strong, long-lasting ? against them, allowing for lifelong ? after a single vaccination

A

maturation, memory, protection

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46
Q

if your liver is removed:
your body would be unable to properly filter ? from the blood, leading to a buildup of harmful substances, causing severe complications like ? (yellowing of skin and eyes), bleeding issues due to lack of ? factors, impaired ? from lack of bile production, and ultimately, ? as the body cannot function without a liver to perform its vital functions (liver is the only organ that ?)

A

toxins, jaundice, clotting, digestion, death, regenerates

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47
Q

Tc cells (cytotoxic T cells) and NK cells (natural killer cells) are similar in that both are ? cells capable of ? killing infected or abnormal cell. They release ? and granzymes to induce ? in their target cells.

A

immune, directly, perforin, apoptosis

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48
Q

Some vaccines must be administered multiple times to ensure adequate and long-lasting ? because the initial doses may not provoke a strong enough immune response. Booster shots help reinforce immune ?, ensuring that the body can quickly and effectively respond to the ? in the future.

A

immunity, memory, pathogen

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49
Q

? is a clear to slightly yellowish fluid composed primarily of water, proteins, salts, lipids, white blood cells, and waste products.

it transports ?, ?, electrolytes, ?, fat, debris, damaged/cancer cells

A

lymph, water, proteins, WBC’s

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50
Q

renal corpuscle consists of:
-glomerulus: cluster of tiny BV’s that filters ? & forms ?
-glomerular capsule: surrounds the ?, collects the ?, allows small molecules to pass through while filtering out larger particles

A

blood, urine, glomerulus, filtrate

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51
Q

? form a filtration barrier
? capillaries allow for the ? of nutrients, while simultaneously secreting ? products, contributing to the formation of ?

A

podocytes, peritubular, reabsorption, waste, urine

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52
Q

the renal tubule (including the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule) processes the ?, reabsorbs needed substances and secretes ? products, ultimately leading to ? formation

A

filtrate, waste, urine

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53
Q

the filtrate travels to the ? ? for further processing into urine and excretion.

A

collecting duct

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54
Q

Glomerular filtrate is made up of ?, ?, ? acid, ?, amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids, inorganic salts, and smaller proteins

A

water, urea, uric, glucose

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55
Q

filtrate is the fluid that ?

A

has been filtered from the blood in glomerulus

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56
Q

what shouldnt be in urine

A

blood, glucose, proteins

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57
Q

In the proximal convoluted tubule, ?, ?, ?, amino acids, chloride, and bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

A

water, sodium, glucose

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58
Q

? and ? ions are crucial electrolytes in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the kidney

A

potassium, hydrogen

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59
Q

the DCT has more fine-tuned control over reabsorption of ?, ?, ?, and can also actively secrete substances like ? ions, to regulate pH levels

A

sodium, chloride, potassium, hydrogen

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60
Q

the nephron loop primarily focuses on reabsorbing large quantities of ? and ? ions, creating a ? gradient

A

sodium, chloride, concentration

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61
Q

descending limb reabsorbs ? and ?

A

sodium, chloride

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62
Q

the collecting duct reabsorbs ?, ?, potassium, and ?.

A

water, sodium, urea

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63
Q

?:
Most abundant white blood cell, first responders to infection, engulf and destroy bacteria and fungi, die fighting pathogens.
?:
? cells: Produce antibodies that specifically target pathogens.
? cells: Directly attack infected cells and regulate immune response, including “helper” T cells and “cytotoxic” T cells.
?:
Develop into macrophages which engulf large particles, dead cells, and pathogens. macrophages are the chief phagocytic cells bc they live for long periods of time and is the most robust.
?:
Primarily fight parasitic infections and can also contribute to allergic reactions.
?:
Release histamine, a chemical that triggers inflammation during allergic responses.

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, B, T, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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64
Q

? cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems, detecting ? and activating ? cells to orchestrate a targeted immune response.

A

dendritic, pathogens, T

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65
Q

When blood clots with ?, they aggregate at the site of a blood vessel injury, adhere to the damaged area, and release ? signals that activate other platelets and coagulation factors, forming a ? (fibrous protein) mesh that stabilizes the clot and prevents further bleeding.

?: The injured blood vessel narrows to reduce blood loss.
? ?: Platelets are released from the spleen and stick to the damaged vessel wall to form a temporary plug.
? ?: Platelets release molecules that activate clotting factors, including fibrinogen, which is converted into fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and stabilizes the platelet plug.
? ?: Platelets contract to pull the damaged vessel walls closer together.

A

platelets, chemical, fibrin

vasoconstriction, platelet plug, fibrin clot, clot retraction

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66
Q

a ? is a blood clot the forms inside one of your veins or arteries

A

thrombus

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67
Q

?: A piece of a thrombus that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream until it reaches a vessel that’s too small for it to pass through

A

embolus

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68
Q

a ? is a blood clot that remains in a vessel, while an ? is a blood clot that moves from one location to another in the body

A

thrombosis, embolism

69
Q

? is a buildup of substances in the body causing problems like atherosclerosis
As this substance builds up, ? narrow, which can ? blood flow to organs and tissues.

A

plaque, arteries, reduce

70
Q

? is 10% of semen
the ? ? contributes to 60-70% of semen volume
the ? gland contribute to 25-30% of semen volume

A

sperm, seminal vesicles, prostate

71
Q

Gas exchange specifically occurs in the ? ? within the alveoli of the lungs.
? come into the capillary beds, and ? go out of them.
Blood pressure is higher at the ? end of a capillary than at the ? end

A

capillary beds, arterioles, venules, arterial, venous

72
Q

Tissues and organs respond to hormones through specific ? on their cells, which recognize and ? to the hormone.

A

receptors, bind

73
Q

type 1 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function in the process of ? ? due to their large surface area and thin walls.

A

simple squamous, gas exchange

74
Q

type 2 alveolar cells are ? ? ET and function to secrete ?. it also acts indirectly in the process of gas exchange by maintaining ? integrity

Surfactant ↓ ? ? prevents collapse of alveoli during exhalation
Surfactant ↓ ? needed to inflate alveoli during inhalation
without surfactant your lungs would ? with each breath due to ? surface tension, making it extremely difficult to ? and potentially leading to severe ? distress

A

simple cuboidal, surfactant, alveolar, surface tension, energy, collapse, high, breathe, respiratory

75
Q

How do water-soluble hormones communicate with target cells?
thru ? ? systems

A

second messenger

76
Q

How do lipid-soluble hormones exert their effects?
by ? ? activation w/i the cell

A

direct gene

77
Q

Resistance to airflow ? when the ? (aka lung compliance) of the lungs or surrounding tissues decreases. This can lead to ? airflow where reduced elastic recoil traps air in the lungs. some other examples causing resistance include: ?, airway ?, lung volume, airflow velocity, and air density

A

increases, elasticity, obstructed, friction, diameter

78
Q

The purpose of cellular respiration is to ?

A

make ATP for the cell

79
Q

The primary goal of the process of glycolysis is to break down a

A

glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules

80
Q

The main goal of the electron transport chain (ETC) is to generate an ? gradient that drives the production of ?

A

electrochemical, ATP

81
Q

the goal of the citric acid cycle is to produce high-energy ? carriers (NADH and FADH₂), which drive ? production in the electron transport chain.

A

electron, ATP

82
Q

ATP is an ? and ? energy molecule and has ? phosphate groups.

A

activated, active, 3

83
Q

ADP is an ? and ? energy molecule with ? phosphate groups.

A

deactivated, non-active, 2

84
Q

the human body cannot directly use ? as energy to perform work, as this substance is considered a “waste product” of ? and cannot be harnessed by cells to do cellular functions

A

heat, metabolism

85
Q

? are ? messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that regulate various physiological processes in the body. They travel through the bloodstream to target organs or tissues, influencing functions like ?, ?, mood, and ?.

A

hormones, chemical, growth, metabolism, development

86
Q

what is the salt level monitoring part of the nephron

A

macula densa

87
Q

The velocity of blood is ? in capillaries and veins compared to arteries because they have a larger ? ?, meaning the same ? of blood is spread out, resulting in a slower flow rate

A

slower, surface area, volume

88
Q

The benefit of blood being slow and having low blood pressure in capillaries is that it allows for

A

sufficient time for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products

89
Q

men have ? function sperm(s), whereas women have ? functional egg(s) and the rest turn degenerate into ? ?

A

4,1, polar bodies

90
Q

A cell changes from diploid to haploid during ? ? of meiosis I when ? chromosomes ? and move to opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase I, homologous, seperate

91
Q

The layer of a blood vessel primarily responsible for maintaining blood pressure is the ? ?

? ? is for blood regulation and protection

? ? is for structural support and prevents excessive expansion from BP

A

tunica media, tunica intimia, tunica externa

92
Q

pulmonary arteries carry ? blood
pulmonary veins carry ? blood

A

deoxy, oxy

93
Q

the ? rhythm, which controls sleep-wake cycles, is primarily regulated by the hormone ?, produced by the ? gland in response to ?

A

circadian, melatonin, pineal, darkness

94
Q

signs of inflammation

A

redness, pain, heat, edema (swelling)

95
Q

if the AV valve doesn’t close properly it will cause ? from the ? back into the ?. aka regurgitation

A

backflow, ventricles, atria

96
Q

the part of a tooth responsible for chewing and hardness is the ?

A

enamel

97
Q

A burst appendix is life threatening because when it bursts, it releases ? material into the ? cavity, causing a serious infection called ?, which can rapidly spread throughout the abdomen and potentially lead to ?

A

infected, abdominal, peritonitis, sepsis

98
Q

The kidneys regulate total body water through the action of ?.
When the body is ? on water, the pituitary gland releases this hormone into the bloodstream which then signals the kidneys to ? more water and excrete ? urine.

list 3 other ways the kidneys regulate total body water:

A

ADH, low, reabsorb, less

aldosterone, osmosis, ANP, filtration, excretion, reabsorption

99
Q

The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle, why?

A

because it needs to pump blood throughout the entire body at high pressure, while the right ventricle only pumps blood to the nearby lungs, requiring less force

100
Q

OT and ADH are produced in the ? ?, which merely stores and releases these hormones; it produces ?.

A

posterior pituitary, nothing

101
Q

? stimuli refers to the control of hormonal release in response to changes in extracellular fluid levels or ion levels.

? stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands.

? stimuli refers to the release of hormones in response to neural stimulation.

A

humoral, hormonal, neural

102
Q

? lowers blood sugar levels; ? raises blood sugar levels. they are both produced by the ?

A

insulin, glucagon, pancreas

103
Q

? is the universal donor and ? is the universal recipient

A

type o, type ab

104
Q

? means blood clotting
? means the clumping of the ? blood
? means sticking together of particles

A

coagulation, agglutination, recepient’s aggregation

105
Q

? ? function as specialized cardiac cells that rapidly transmit ?impulses throughout the ? of the heart, ensuring ? and efficient blood pumping

A

purkinje fibers, electrical, ventricles, contraction

106
Q

electrical conduction system pathway:

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

107
Q

The “lub-dub” sound of a heartbeat is caused by the ? of the ? valves (bicuspid & tricuspid) as blood pumps through the heart

A

closing, AV

108
Q

what is the main respiratory stimulus?

A

concentration of CO2

109
Q

? is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports ? from the lungs to the body’s tissues and organs, and returns ? to the lungs.

A

hemoglobin, O2, CO2

110
Q

if someone is has a seizure under water, what keeps them from dying immediately?

A

oxygen reserve

111
Q

cessation of breathing?

A

apnea

112
Q

vital sign centers are

A

medulla oblongata and pons

113
Q

? does not compete with ? to bind with hemoglobin
there are ? binding cites for O2 molecules to hook onto Hb

A

CO2, O2, 4

114
Q

The ? is the only organ in the human body that can regenerate itself (hypertrophy).

liver essential functions: producing ?, storing ? for energy, emulsifying ?, and producing ? like albumin and clotting factors (fibrinogen).

A

liver, bile, glycogen, fats, proteins

115
Q

? breaks down food.
? takes in nutrients.
? removes waste and excess substances.
? releases substances like enzymes, hormones, and waste.

A

digestion, absorption, filtration, secretion

116
Q

?: Breaks down carbohydrates (starches) into simpler sugars.
?: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
?: Breaks down proteins into amino acids.
?: Breaks down lactose (milk sugar) into glucose and galactose.

A

amylase, lipase, protease, lactase

117
Q

?: Breaks down maltose (a sugar) into two glucose molecules.
?: Breaks down sucrose (table sugar) into glucose and fructose.
?: Breaks down peptides into amino acids.

A

maltase, sucrase, peptidase

118
Q

spermatogenesis is ?
oogenesis is ?

A

sperm production, egg production

119
Q

list 5 hormones or mechanisms that regulates sodium levels in the body:

A

aldosterone, renin, angiotensin II, ANP, ADH, autoregulation, glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, RAAS

120
Q

production of rbc’s occurs in ?, by the process called ? and the hormone that promotes this process is ?

A

red bone marrow, erythropoiesis, erythropoietin

121
Q

short-term response to changes in BP examples:
What process provides long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

A

temperature, fear, exercise, posture, dehydration, blood loss
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

122
Q

swallowing= ?
First, the ? pushes the food into the throat. Next, the ? ? over the voice box at the top of the windpipe. Finally, the ? contracts and moves food toward the ?.

A

deglutition, tongue, epiglottis, folds, esophagus, stomach

123
Q

inspiration is ?; the diaphragm ? and the ribs ?; V ? P ?
expiration is ?; the diaphragm ? and the ribs ?; V ? P ?

A

inhalation, lowers, raises, increases, decreases
exhalation, raises, lowers; decreases, increases

124
Q

internal respiration is the movement of

A

oxygen from blood to body tissues (or cells) and CO2 from body tissues to blood

125
Q

external respiration is the movement of

A

oxygen from lungs (alveoli) to blood and CO2 from blood to lungs

126
Q

The primary factor controlling filtrate formation in the glomerulus is glomerular ? ?

A

hydrostatic pressure

127
Q

? pressure is the actual pressure at a given ?, while the ? gradient tells you how much the pressure is changing as you move

A

hydrostatic, depth, pressure

128
Q

the ? zone (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi), does not facilitate..

A

conducting, gas exchange

129
Q

Respiratory gas exchange occurs in the ? of the lungs, which are part of the ? zone within the respiratory system; this is where ? moves from the air into the blood and ? moves from the blood into the air to be exhaled.

A

alveoli, respiratory, O2, CO2

130
Q

? is stored in the liver, muscles, brain, and other tissues

A

glycogen

131
Q

In a dehydrated patient, you would likely see signs like:

A

excessive thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, sunken eyes, dizziness, fatigue, headache, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, confusion

132
Q

The cells that create the rest of the cells in the body by differentiating are called ? cells

A

stem

133
Q

what determines the flow of gas?

A

partial pressure and O2

134
Q

goblet cells secrete ? and coat the ? in the dig. s.

A

mucus, stomach

135
Q

Cyclic AMP second-messenger mechanism of water-soluble hormones order:
? binds to receptor
receptor activates ? protein
G protein activates ? cyclase
adenylate cyclase converts ATP to ? (2nd messenger)
cAMP activates protein ?

A

hormone, G, adenylate, cAMP, kinases

136
Q

fungiform, vallate, and foliate- all these papillae contain ? ?

A

taste buds

137
Q

+/- when it comes to blood deals with the ? ?

A

Rh factor

138
Q

Type A: Has ? antigens and anti-? antibodies
Type B: Has ? antigens and anti-? antibodies
Type AB: Has ? and ? antigens, and ? antibodies
Type O: Has ? antigens, and both anti-? and anti-B antibodies

A

A, B
B, A
A,B, no
no, A, B

139
Q

location of lymph nodes:

A

cervical, axillary, inguinal

140
Q

IgG: Goo Goo Gaa Gaa
IgE: AllergE
IgM: Mom 1st when sick
IgA:
IgD: differentiation

A

crosses placenta & has greater concentration
allergy response & mast cells
1st Ab released
breAst milk, teArs, sAlivA & other body secretions
differentiation to B cells

141
Q

1st line of defense is the
2nd line is ?, redness, ?, heat, ?, ? cells
3rd line is ? and ? cells; produce antibodies to attack ?

A

skin
inflammation, pain, chemicals, NK
B, T, pathogens

142
Q

↑ afferent diameter causes
↑ efferent diameter causes

A

↑ GFR ↑ glomerular BP ↑ urine output ↓ systemic BP
↓ GFR

143
Q

↓ afferent diameter causes
↓ efferent diameter causes

A

↓ GFR ↓ glomerular BP ↓ urine output ↑ systemic BP
↑ GFR

144
Q

homologous structures:
testes →
glans penis →
scrotum →
prepuce →
bulbourethral gland →
prostate gland →

A

ovaries, clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, greater vestibular gland, paraurethral gland

145
Q

what happens to breathing and blood vessels when you vigorously exercise?
During vigorous exercise, ? acts as the primary energy source for muscles, being broken down to release ? molecules which are then used to produce ?

A

increased respiratory rate, tidal volume, HR, and vasodilation
glycogen, glucose, ATP

146
Q

what is an autoimmune disease?

a condition where the body’s ? system mistakenly attacks its own healthy tissues and ?, causing ? and damage to various parts of the body, often due to a malfunction in recognizing ? from ? invaders

it can be caused by what

A

immune, cells, inflammation, self, foregin, apoptosis

147
Q

A “? immune response” is the initial immune reaction that occurs when the body first encounters a specific ?, while a “? immune response” is a ? and stronger response that happens when the body encounters the same antigen again, due to the presence of ? cells developed during the primary response

A

primary, antigen, 2ndary, faster, memory

148
Q

Acid reflux occurs when ..
u can take ? to try and prevent acid reflux

? of the ? ? prevents acid reflux

A

stomach contents flow back up into the esophagus, antacids
closing, gastroesophagel sphincter

149
Q

explain RAAS flow and its purpose.

this system will ultimately lead to ↑ water and ? reabsorption, ↑ aldosterone production, and ?.

why is sodium regulation important?

A

renin → angiotensinogen
angiotensinogen → angiotensin I
angiotensin I + ACE → angiotensin II

sodium, vasoconstriction

fluid balance, BP regulation, nerve/muscle function, acid-base balance, kidney function, preventing edema & dehydration

150
Q

what causes menstruation?
when menstruation begins, ? and ? are no longer inhibited.

A

drop in estrogen and progesterone after ovulation causing the shedding of the uterine lining
FSH, LH

151
Q

? is the process by which your body converts food and drink into energy; all the collective chemical reactions in the body to maintain homeostasis

A

metabolism

152
Q

? digestion occurs during chewing, segmentation, and churning
? digestion requires the use of enzymes

A

mechanical, chemical

153
Q

what enzyme breaks down a high carb meal?

A

salivary and pancreatic amylase

154
Q

a male lacking FSH will likely experience ..

A

infertility, testicular atrophy, reduction of sperm, absence of sperm

155
Q

a female lacking FSH will cause ..

A

infertility, irregular periods, delayed puberty, little to no pubic hair

156
Q

male lacking LH

A

infertility, no development of 2ndary sex characteristics

157
Q

female lacking LH

A

no ovulation, infertility, irregular periods

158
Q

What are our Innate (nonspecific) Defenses?
1. ? barriers
2. ?
3. ?
We are born with: skin, mucous m., WBC’s, fever, inflammation

A

mechanical, cells, chemicals

159
Q

Adaptive defenses are those we must ?
1. ? cells: differentiate into ? & ?
2. ? cells: differentiate into ? & ?

A

develop, B, plasma cells that produce antibodies, Bm (2ndary response), T, Tc, Th, Tregs, Tm (2ndary response)

160
Q

? cells are cells in the body that can produce a normal immune response
example:
? and ? cells become immunocompetent when they ? and can recognize ?. This recognition is due to specific ? on the surfaces of these cells.

A

Immunocompetent, B, T, mature, antiens, receptors

161
Q

arteries are ? allowing them to vasodilate and vasoconstrict. veins are ?

A

elastic, non-elastic

162
Q

order of layers in digestive system:

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

163
Q

The ? arteries (oxygenated blood), ?, ?, (deoxygenated blood) all supply blood to the heart’s right atrium.

There are ? arteries and ? veins coming into the heart.

A

coronary, SVC, IVC, 2, 2

164
Q

? creates new glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate sources

A

gluconeogenesis

165
Q

? builds up glycogen by converting glucose into a glycogen chain

A

glycogenesis

166
Q

? breaks down glycogen (stored glucose) into glucose molecules

A

glycogenolysis

167
Q

accessory organs:
alimentary canal:

A

liver, gallbladder, tongue, pancreas, salivary glands, teeth

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, anus

168
Q

what prevent dust and pathogens from entering the lungs?

A

mainly mucus but also cilia as it moves things up the respiratory tract

169
Q

rbc’s function:
wbc’s function:
platelets function:

A

transport O2
fight infections
stop bleeding

bio 211 final (1 decks)

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