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Human Stress > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • Walter Cannon
  • maintaining stability in the internal environment
  • stress response can bring things back to homeostasis
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2
Q

Fight or flight

A
  • physiological changes: heart rate increases, energy is mobilized
  • focus attention and resources on the threat
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3
Q

Stress (Han Selye)

A
  • nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it
  • ex: heat, cold, infection, trauma
  • enlarged adrenal glands –> high levels of stress hormones
  • shrinking of the thymus and lymph nodes –> atrophy of immune system
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4
Q

Trauma

A
  • Natural and technical disasters
  • ex: earthquakes, nuclear power plant disasters
  • Individual trauma
  • ex: rape, incest, major accidents, combat exposure
  • challenges in trauma/disaster research:
  • ex: hard to get a “pre-stressor” baseline (retrospective research)
  • not common: difficult to recruit participants
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5
Q

Stressor

A
  • anything that throws your body out of allostatic balance
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6
Q

Stress-response

A
  • the body’s attempt to restore allostais
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7
Q

homeostasis

A
  • the state in which all sorts of physiological measures are being kept at the optimal level
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8
Q

One of the hallmarks of the stress-response is the rapid mobilization of (blank) from storage sites and the inhibition of further storage.

A
  • energy
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9
Q

Selye developed a three-part view of how the stress-response worked

A
  • alarm
  • adaptation or resistance
  • exhaustion
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10
Q

The psychological stress tradition places emphasis on the organism’s (blank 1) and (blank 2) the potential harm posed by objective environmental experiences.

A

perception; evaluation of

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11
Q

Walter Cannon proposed in his work on the fight or flight response that the sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM) system reacts to various emergency states with increased secretion of the hormone __ .

A
  • epinephrine, adrenaline
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12
Q

acute time-limited events

A
  • e.g., awaiting surgery
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13
Q

stressful event sequences

A
  • when one event initiates a series of different events that occur over an extended period of time (e.g., bereavement or being fired from a job)
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14
Q

chronic intermittent stressful event

A
  • events that occur periodically (once a week/month/year; e.g. sexual difficulties or conflicts with neighbors)
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15
Q

Primary appraisal

A
  • is the situation significant? does it have implications for my well-being?
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16
Q

Three types of stressor appraisal

A
  • harm/loss
  • threat
  • challenge
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17
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A
  • do i have the resources to cope with that situation?
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18
Q

Predictability

A
  • degree to which something is known beforehand
  • helps us know when something will happen and when it won’t
  • typically reduces stress responses
  • but less effective for
    frequence stressors
    rare stressors
    horrible outcomes
    vague information
  • makes stressors less stressful
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19
Q

Coping

A
  • strategies used to manage demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person
  • ongoing process (not static)
  • does not need to be successful
  • does not need to result in action or solution

Two types:

  • problem focused: doing something constructive about the situation (taking direct action, seeking help from others)
  • emotion-focused: regulate or reduce emotional effects of a situations

(cognitive: involves how people think about a situation)
(behavioral: engaging in behaviors to regulate emotions

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20
Q

Proactive coping

A
  • type of problem-focused coping

- efforts to prevent or modify the form of a potential stressor

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21
Q

Emotion-focused

A
  • when the stressor is over, or there is nothing that can be done
  • when people believe they don’t have resources
  • when acceptance is necessary
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22
Q

Problem-focused

A
  • when the stressor is changeable
  • when people believe they have resources or can alter them
  • when something constructive can be done
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23
Q

Depending on psychological factors, the stress-response could be made bigger or smaller. To this, we say that the psychological variables could (blank) the stress-response.

A
  • modulate
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24
Q

Two people are placed in adjoining rooms, both exposed to intermittent noxious, loud noises. Person A has a button and believes that pressing it decreases the likelihood of more noise is less hypertensive than person B who does not have a button to press. However, people who had the button, but who did not bother to press it did just as well as those who actually pressed the button. This demonstrates that the exercise of control is not critical; rather, it is the (blank) that you have control that is more critical.

A
  • belief
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25
Q

What are some powerful psychological factors (mentioned in chapter 13) that can trigger a stress-reponse on their own or make another stressor seem more stressful?

A
  • loss of outlets for frustration or sources of support
  • perception that things are getting worse
  • loss of control or predictability
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26
Q

Neuroticism

A
  • high: worrying, emotional, vulnerable, anxious

- low: calm, unemotional, self-controlled, sense of well-being

27
Q

Neurotic Cascade: Hyperreactivity

A
  • neurotic individuals are biologically predisposed to react more strongly to stressors (i.e., more pronounced response in limbic system/amygdala)
  • Differential exposure:
28
Q

Neurotic Cascade: Differential exposure

A
  • neurotic individuals set up situations that lead them to experience more hassles and negative life events
29
Q

Neurotic Cascade: Differential Appraisal

A
  • individuals high in N are more likely to appraise events negatively (high primary appraisal) and think they have few resources (low secondary appraisal)
30
Q

Neurotic Cascade: Mood Spillover

A
  • negative mood continues until long after event and extends beyond the event
31
Q

Neurotic Cascade: The Sting of Familiar Problems

A
  • Individuals high in N lack psychological flexbility
32
Q

Type A Behavior

A
  • competitive achievement orientation (self-critical)
  • time urgency (impatient with delays, multi-task)
  • anger/hostility (easily provoked)
33
Q

Type D Behavior

A
  • high negative affectivity and high social inhibition
  • associated with hostility, cynicism, inward and
    outward anger expression, physical aggression, anxiety and depression
34
Q

Pessimistic Explanatory Style

A
  • internal (vs. external)
  • ex: failure
  • stable (vs. transient)
  • will continue
  • global (vs. specific)
  • never succeed at anything
35
Q

Optimistic Explanatory Style

A
  • internal
  • ex: a misunderstanding
  • stable
  • ex: that particular friendship
  • global causes
  • other friendships are possible
36
Q

Despite that they are actually going through different stressors, a group of people may not appear to have all that many stressors. They claim they’re not depressed or anxious, and describe themselves as pretty happy, successful, and accomplished. Yet, these people have chronically activated stress-responses. We say these people have “(blank)” personalities.

A
  • repressive
37
Q

Amygdala

A
  • The amygdala gets sensory information before that information reaches the cortex and causes conscious awareness of the sensation
  • the amygdala is immensely sensitive to glucocorticoid signals
  • the amygdala communicates by using CRH as a neurotransmitter
38
Q

Allostasis

A
  • maintaining stability (homeostais) through change
39
Q

Allostatic load

A
  • wear and tear on the body; costs of maintaining homeostasis in the face of continuing challenges
40
Q

Immune System

A

Job:

  • distinguish ‘self’ from ‘non-self’
  • destroy ‘non-self’

Two classes of immune defenses:

  • innate, non-specific immunity
  • acquired, specific immunity
41
Q

Innate (Non-specific) Immunity

A
  • anatomical barriers, phagocytes, inflammation, natural killer cells

(indiscriminately destroys invaders)
(do not have to have been exposed before)

anatomical barriers:
- skin, mucous membranes

phagocytes (‘eaters’)
- macrophages and neutrophils

inflammatory response

  • a local response to infection
  • immune cells brought in to destroy/inactivate foreign invaders
  • attack and isolate invaders
  • remove debris
  • prepare for healing and repair
  • influx of immune cells lead to hear, swelling, pain, and redness

natural kill cells:

  • white blood killer cells (lymphocytes)
  • scan the body for virally infected and malignant cells and kill them
42
Q

Acquired, Specific Immunity

A
  • hummoral immunity

- cellular immunity

43
Q

Acute Stressors

A

Increase

  • NK cell number
  • NK cell activity

Decrease
- Proliferative response
(lymphocyte function)

44
Q

Cold Hotel

A
  • Participants who perceived themselves as having higher stress were significantly more likely to get sick than participants who perceived themselves as having lower stress
  • The longer the duration of a life stressor, the higher the relative risk of developing a cold
  • Individuals with MORE stressors are MORE susceptible to developing colds
  • Individuals with MORE stressors develop MORE severe colds
45
Q

The (blank 1) is activated during emergencies, or when you think you’ve encountered an emergency and the nerve endings of this system release (blank 2) that causes, for example, your stomach to clutch.

A
  • sympathetic nervous system; adrenaline
46
Q

Originally, before the series of experiments by Guillemin and Schally, the (blank) was thought to be the master gland of the body

A
  • Pituitary

- the brain turned out to be the master gland

47
Q

When something stressful happens, the process is…

A

the hypothalamus secretes an array of releasing hormones (e,g, CRH) into the hypothalamic-pituitary circulatory system, CRH triggers the pituitary to release the hormone ACTH (a.k.a. corticotropin), the ACTH is released into the bloodstream, and it reaches the adrenal gland, ACTH triggers glucocorticoid release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland

48
Q

Which hormone helps to protect against cardiovascular disease by working as an antioxidant, getting rid of damaging oxygen radicals?

A
  • estrogen
49
Q

Blood-borne chemical messengers that communicate between different cell types that helps to sound immune alarms are called (blank).

A
  • cytokines
50
Q

As suggested by evidence, depression involves abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter(s)?

A
  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
51
Q

Features of major depression often includes:

A
  • anhedonia
  • great grief
  • great guilt
  • psychomotor retardation
52
Q

caveat

A
  • not everyone exposed to these events develops depression
53
Q

Social Support

A
  • informational support
    ( understand stressful event better, point out resources and coping strategies)
  • instrumental support
    (to provide assistance, services, financial or other specific aid)
  • emotional support
    (providing warmth and nurturing
54
Q

Structural social support

A
  • social integration, social network
55
Q

Functional social support

A
  • assess the functions that social relationships serve (e.g., providing emotional, informational support)
56
Q

Social integration (Main Effect)

A
  • promotes positive psychological states that induce health-promoting responses
57
Q

Social support (stress buffering)

A
  • eliminates/reduces effects of stressful experiences by promoting less threatening interpretations, effective coping
58
Q

Negative interactions (relationships as a stressor)

A
  • elicits stress response
59
Q

Insults during gestation

A
  • hypoxia
  • malnutrition
  • stress
60
Q

How does stress reach the fetus?

A
  • glucocorticoids pass through the placenta

interlocking fetal and maternal tissues

61
Q

Growth hormone trigger the release of a class of hormones called (blank), which promotes processes such as cell division. Secretion of these hormones is also inhibited during stress, as is the sensitivity of the body to that hormone.

A
  • Somatomedin
62
Q

A neuropeptide released by the pituitary in response to stress that sets in motion a cascade of other neuroendocrine effects and prepares the body to manage acute stress is called (blank). This hormone is also expressed in the placenta and is thought to play a central role in fetal maturation and onset of labor.

A
  • Corticotrophin releasing hormone
63
Q

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

A
  • exposure to traumatic event
  • reoccurring intrusive recollections of the trauma
  • avoidance of trauma-associated stimuli or “numbing”
  • persistent physiological hyper-arousal
64
Q

Who seeks internet support

A

Higher internet rates for some groups:
• chronic fatigue syndrome
• multiple sclerosis

Human Stress (1 decks)

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