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Psych 104 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Enduring change in the mechanisms of behavior involving specific stimuli and responses that result from prior experience with similar stimuli and responses.

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2
Q

Habituation

A

The progressive decrease in the vigor of a behavior that occurs with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. Happens at the level of the brain, living by an airport.

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3
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Sense cells become less capable of responding. Happens at the level of the senses, walking out of dark movie theatre.

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4
Q

Response Fatigue

A

Muscles get tired of responding. Happens at the level of the muscles.

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5
Q

Janet Werker

A

Studied babies and the effect of stimulus on them. With each new stimulus, the baby will look a little less; habituation.

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6
Q

Sensitization

A

The progressive increase in the vigor of behavior that occurs with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus.

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7
Q

Startle Response

A

A defensive response that includes a sudden jump and a tensing of muscles in the upper part of the body.

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8
Q

Rats and Startle Response

A

At 60 dB, rats habituated. At 80, rats sensitized.

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9
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Dualist, believed in the separation between mind and body.

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10
Q

Swammerdam and Glisson

A

Discovered there is no animal spirits infused in muscles, just mechanical irritation.

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11
Q

Bell and Megendie

A

Discovered there are separate neural pathways. Dorsal is sensory, ventral is motor.

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12
Q

Pavlov

A

Russian physiologists who discovered CC with his dogs. Proved reflexes are not innate.

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13
Q

Edward Twitmyer

A

Came to same conclusoion as Pavlov at the University of Pennsylvania in 1902.

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14
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Unconditional stimulus (food) results in unconditional response (saliva). Third factor, neutral stimulus (bell). Associating unconditional stimulus (food) and conditional stimulus (bell). At some point, bell alone causes unconditional response (saliva).

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15
Q

Second Order Conditioning

A

Using first conditioned stimulus (bell) to condition another stimulus (light). Example is money.

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16
Q

Extinction

A

Present the unconditioned stimulus, but not the food. Gradual elimination of a learned response.

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17
Q

Extinction vs. Habituation

A

With extinction, there is a prior history of conditioning. With habituation, there is not.

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18
Q

Generalization

A

Response to similar stimuli in similar ways. Baby Albert was afraid of all the things thatl ooked like mice, not just the mice.

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19
Q

Discrimination

A

Nervous system being able to identify which stimuli are distinct. Tendency to not response to stimuli that are dissimilar.

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20
Q

Biological Preparedness

A

Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others. Phobias, human taste aversions. Bitterness is bad, poisonous.

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21
Q

Adaptive Functions

A

Learning to associate neutral object with negative experience. Red jellybean and chemotherapy.

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22
Q

Sexual Fetishes in CC

A

Pairing of stimulus with unconditioned stimulus. High heels produce arousal.

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23
Q

Advertising in CC

A

Neutral product associated with something attractive. Create associations. Burger with attractive woman.

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24
Q

Drug Overdoses in CC

A

Addicts learn to associate place they shoot up in with getting high. Withdrawal symptoms over, then return to drug. Overdosing with same amounts they have taken before.

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25
Q

Law of Effect

A

If a stimulus is followed by a response, and the response is followed by a satisfying event, then the connection between the stimulus and response is strengthened. Works conversely with annoying event.

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26
Q

OC vs. CC

A

OC involves behaviour.

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27
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Also known as instrumental learning or instrumental conditioning. Behavior occurs because similar actions in the past produced the same type of outcome. Behavior ‘instrumental’ in response.

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28
Q

Appetitive Stimulus

A

Nice, good, pleasant stimulus.

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29
Q

Aversive Stimulus

A

Bad, unpleasant stimulus.

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30
Q

Positive Stimulus

A

Giving something or obtaining something because of behavior.

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31
Q

Negative Stimulus

A

Taking something away because of behavior.

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32
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

If behavior occurs, appetitive stimulus presented. If Penny does something good, Sheldon gives her a chocolate.

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33
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

If behavior occurs, aversive stimulus is witheld. If you do well in school, you don’t have to do chores.

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34
Q

Escape

A

During aversive stimulus presentation, behavior terminates aversive stimulus.

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35
Q

Positive Punishment

A

If response occurs, you present the aversive stimulus. If you move, I will hit you.

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36
Q

Negative Punishment

A

If the response occurs, the appetitive stimulus is witheld. If you do poorly in school, no TV.

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37
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio.

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38
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Every five minutes.

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39
Q

Variable Interval

A

Every five minutes, on average.

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40
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Every tenth time (punch card).

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41
Q

Variable Ratio

A

Every tenth time, on average (casino).

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42
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcement of successive approximation to a desired, instrumental response.

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43
Q

Over Justfication Effect

A

When external rewards undermine the instrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior. Elementary school students.

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44
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Showed superstition with pigeons. Pigeons got food every 15 seconds regardless, but believed their behavior led to them getting food.

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45
Q

Social Learning

A

Learning by watching others.

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46
Q

Alberta Bandura

A

Three models: live, verbal, and symbolic. Adults played with Bobo dolls, children played with Bobo dolls, children modelled after adults.

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47
Q

Memory

A

The ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.

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48
Q

Photograph vs. Carpentry

A

Vividness of memory has no relationship to accuracy.

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49
Q

Pichert and Anderson

A

Reading short story from perspective of homebuyer or robber. Noticed different things (leaky roof vs. stereo, respectively).

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50
Q

Elaborative Encoding

A

Actively relating new information that is already in LTM. Inner left temporal and lower left frontal lobe.

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51
Q

Visual Imagery Encoding

A

Storing information by changing into mental pictures. Occipital lobe.

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52
Q

Storage Systems

A

Sensory, STM, and LTM. Sensory lost quickly, STM few minutes, LTM decays very slowly.

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53
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Lasts 2 seconds, large capacity, provides glue.

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54
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Few seconds to a minute, capacity is about 7. Meaningful things allow us to consolidate.

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55
Q

Maintenence Rehersal

A

Repeating something mentally until you know it.

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56
Q

Working Memory

A

Active processes involved in maintaining information for short periods of time.

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57
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Duration is minutes and longer, no known capacity.

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58
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Tendency to remember intial information.

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59
Q

Recency Effect

A

Tendency to remember recent information.

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60
Q

Retrieval

A

Bringing stored information to mind.

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61
Q

Retrieval Cue

A

Anything associated with information already in LTM that helps bring stored information to mind.

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62
Q

Tulving and Pearlstone

A

40% vs. 60% recall without and with retrieval cues, respectively.

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63
Q

Encoding Specific Theory

A

Retrieval cue most effective when it recreates how information was encoded.

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64
Q

Context Dependent Memory

A

Writing exam in same room.

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65
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

Writing exam drunk if you learned drunk.

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66
Q

Stroop Effect

A

Word spells red, but is writtein in blue.

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67
Q

Explicit/Declarative Memory

A

Awareness. Includes semantic and episodic memory.

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68
Q

Implicit/Non Declarative Memory

A

Unaware. Includes priming and procedural memory.

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69
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memory of facts.

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70
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory for personal life events.

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71
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Memory for action. Riding a bike.

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72
Q

Priming Memory

A

Enhanced performance as a result of a recent experience. 12 x 13.

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73
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

Memory of episodes and facts of one’s own life. Further back becomes more semantic less episodic. More recent becomes more episodic less semantic.

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74
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

Vivid and detailed memory surrounding a highly emotional and personal event.

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75
Q

Eidetic Memory

A

Photographic memory. Ability to retain images in memory that are near perfect photographic quality.

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76
Q

Elizabeth

A

Amazing visual memory- however, all experiments were conducted by her husband.

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77
Q

Engram

A

The physical basis of memory believed to be somewhere in the brain.

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78
Q

Karl Lashley

A

Looked for memories in specific parts of the brain using rats.

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79
Q

Donald Hebb

A

“Cells that fire together wire together”.

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80
Q

Hebb Rule

A

If a synapse becomes active at the same time, a post-synaptic neuron fires, and chemical changes in the synapse strengthen this connection.

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81
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A

Better neural processing that is a product of strengthening neural connections.

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82
Q

Plasticity

A

Brain is moldable, parts of it die. Assuming brain is plastic.

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83
Q

Consolidation

A

Giving brain time to stabilize memory. Sleep is important in this.

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84
Q

Reconsolidation

A

When you recall something, it is vulnerable to decaying.

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85
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Working memory.

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86
Q

Hippocampus

A

Converts STM to LTM.

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87
Q

Cerebellum

A

Procedural memory, motor control (riding a bike).

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88
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional memories. Ability to recognize faces that have emotional meaning to you.

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89
Q

Maguire, Frackowiak, and Firth

A

Studied taxi drivers under PET scan, describe landmarks they’ve never seen. Hippocampus larger in taxi drivers than normal people.

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90
Q

Radial Arm Maze

A

Rat put in middle of maze, has to go find food. Go back to venter to go to another arm. May forget which way he came from. Shows long term error.

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91
Q

Morris Water Maze

A

Milky water, hidden platform. Rat has to find platform or drown. When rat finds it, taken out and put back into the maze again. Eventually rat goes to platform faster, as it remembers.

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92
Q

Forgetting

A

A failure to remember.

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93
Q

Forgetting Useful

A

Allows us to forget useless information. Old shopping lists, otherwise we will get confused which list is important.

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94
Q

Reasons for Forgetting

A

Abnormal and normal.

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95
Q

Abnormal

A

Motivated and amnesia.

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96
Q

Motivated Forgetting

A

Repression of memories in order to protect ourselves from memories that are painful or unacceptable to us.

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97
Q

Amnesia

A

Any partial or complete loss of memory. Retrograde (forgetting everything before) or anterograde (not being able to create new memories).

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98
Q

H.M. and Removed Hippocampus

A

Had epilipsy, doctors removed hippocampus. STM and LTM affected, but could not convert STM to LTM. Resulted in anterograde amnesia. IQ unaffected, but if distracted, forgot everything.

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99
Q

Normal Forgetting

A

Transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence.

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100
Q

Transience

A

Forgetting that occurs with passage of time.

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101
Q

Absentmindedness

A

Forgetting where you put your keys because you weren’t paying attention when you put them down.

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102
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Teacher asks you to raise hand when picture of dog is shown, you will raise your hand when a picture of a dog is randomly shown.

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103
Q

Blocking

A

Failure to retrieve information that is available in memory, even if you try to. “Tip of the tongue”.

104
Q

Misattribution

A

Donald Thompson accused of rape, girl saw his face on TV and confused his face with her rapist.

105
Q

Suggestability

A

Incorporating misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.

106
Q

Loftus and Palmer

A

Looked at suggestability- car “contacted” or “hit”. Altered eyewitness testimony.

107
Q

Bias

A

When present knowledge, beliefs, or feelings distort our memories.

108
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Believing you could’ve gotten the answer right, after you already know the answer.

109
Q

Persistence

A

Remembering things we are trying to forget. Rebecca Black, Friday.

110
Q

Harvey Milk

A

First openly gay politician in San Francisco, killed by coworker, who argued he was overcome by emotion.

111
Q

Emotion

A

The positive or negative experience associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity.

112
Q

Functions of Emotion

A

Autonomic responses, motivation, communication, social bonds, and memory.

113
Q

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

A

Neurological disorder that can make us hyper-oral or hyper-sexual. We become less interested in other people.

114
Q

Multidimensional Scaling

A

Group of statistical techniques used to identify underlying structures.

115
Q

Judging Faces

A

Depends on knowledge and experience, retrospective and memory, distortion, purity, and limited subject pool.

116
Q

Paul Ekman

A

Came up with action units and facial musculature as a way of telling emotions.

117
Q

Gestures

A

Can be used as emblems (to supplement speech), illustrators (to highlight what you say), or regulators (sustain flow of conversation).

118
Q

Folk Psychology Theory

A

Body interprets stimulus, followed by physiological response, then later a change in emotion happens.

119
Q

James Lang Theory

A

Eliciting stimulus causes physiological response, and causes feeling later on. However, some physiology does not change emotion (sauna), and physiology does not cause response (blushing does not cause embarrassment).

120
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Physical reaction and emotions happen at the same time.

121
Q

Two Factor Theory

A

Your emotion is a product of your physiology and your interpretation of the stimulus. Your experience depends on your interpretation.

122
Q

Limbic System

A

Group of structures in the forebrain (hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate cortex, and hippocampus).

123
Q

Brain Damage

A

If the limbic system is damaged, you have a hard time recognizing loved one, as they are not only related to physical features, but also to emotions.

124
Q

Why Study Happiness

A

Longevity, health, happiness.

125
Q

Ways to Study Happiness

A

Ask, expression, neuroimaging.

126
Q

Affective Forecasting

A

Predicting one’s own future happiness.

127
Q

Expression of Emotion

A

An observable sign of emotional state.

128
Q

Disambiguation of Emotion

A

Can reduce miscommunication through expression of emotions, “that’s a nice dress”.

129
Q

Universality Hypothesis

A

Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

130
Q

Ancestral Remnants of EOE

A

Ancestors bared their fangs, humans sneer.

131
Q

Universal Expressions

A

People who are blind have same expressions. Two day old infants also have same expressions. Different cultures have same expressions.

132
Q

Emotional Regulation

A

Cognitive and behavioral strategies we use to influence our own emotional experiences.

133
Q

Reappraising Emotions

A

A strategy that involves changing one’s emotional experiences by changing the meaning of the emotion. Telling yourself a scary movie isn’t real.

134
Q

Display Rules

A

Norms for control of emotional expression. Intensification and deintensification (scholarship), masking (pretending to be happy), and neutralizing (poker face).

135
Q

Facial Cues

A

Controllable, but sincere emotions last longer. Fake expressions are asymmetrical. True emotions appear and disappear smoothly.

136
Q

Polygraph

A

Measures physiological changes, based on ideas that there is a reliable index in autonomic nervice system if you are lying. Sweating correlated to lying?

137
Q

Problems with Polygraph

A

No consensus on how to use, mixed emotions, and environmental conditions.

138
Q

Motivation

A

Phenomenon that affects the nature, strength, or persistence of behavior. Nature (what you do), strength (how hard you try), and persistence (keep trying).

139
Q

Psychologists Concerned with Motivation

A

Are subjects motivated? Do they have ulterior motives? Are subjects motivated in the same way they would be in the real world?

140
Q

Instinct

A

Any behavioral tendency that is innate.

141
Q

Instinct Theory

A

Environmental trigger is required to turn on instinct, otherwise the instinct is dormant.

142
Q

Female Mice and Instinct

A

Female rats will kill baby mice until they have their own, at which point they become nurturing. Newborn rats associate smell of mothers with food.

143
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Brushing the cheek of newborn mice will cause them to turn in the direction of the brush.

144
Q

Optimal Level Theory

A

Tendency of a body to try to stay at an ideal level.

145
Q

Drive

A

Internal state caused by the departure from optimal level. Pushes us to homeostasis. Increases when too little, decreases when too much.

146
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of balance.

147
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Psychological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization. Some categories more important than others.

148
Q

Triangle of Motivation

A

The way in which Maslow’s hiearchy of needs is arranged. You only go up levels if the lower level is satisfied (put on own facemask first). Ghandi is an exception.

149
Q

Stomach Contraction Theory

A

When stomach walls shrink and touch, it makes you realize you are hungry. However, people that have stomach removed still feel hungry.

150
Q

Glucostatic Theory

A

A signal in your brain goes off if you have too much or too little glucose. Orexogenoc signals turn on, anorexigenic signals turn off. However, people with diabetes still crave sugar.

151
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A

Learning that eating food, safety, and warmth are closely connected. Comfort food.

152
Q

Effect of Stress on Hunger

A

Rats that had tails pinched ate more than rats who did not have tails pinched.

153
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Eating disorder characterized by intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake.Appetite in people with anorexia no different than normal people.

154
Q

Sex as Motivation

A

Billions of dollars spent on pornography. “Sex” is fourth most commonly used search word on web, “porn” is sixth.

155
Q

Biological Causes of Sex as Motivation

A

DHEA, testosterone. Not estrogen.

156
Q

Beaumeister, Cantanese, and Vohs

A

Desired frequency for sex, number of partners, masturbation, willingness to forgo sex, sacrificing resources for sex. Men have stronger desire for sex than woman.

157
Q

Human Sexual Response Cycle

A

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.

158
Q

Consciousness

A

Our subjective expereince of the world and of our own minds.

159
Q

Levels of Consciousness

A

Vegetative, sleep, drowsiness, spaced out, attentiveness, focus, mediated absorption.

160
Q

Intentionality

A

Directed consciousness here or there. Endogenous and exogenous cues.

161
Q

Unity

A

When you’re conscious of something, you can only be conscious of one thing at a time.

162
Q

Selectivity

A

Selecting your awareness.

163
Q

Transience (Consciousness)

A

Constantly changing, never aware of one thing for long.

164
Q

Origins of Consciousness

A

Coordinate, communicate, externally monitor, internally monitor.

165
Q

Problem of Other Minds

A

Is blue blue for everyone? Problem when studying consciousness.

166
Q

Unconsciousness

A

Domain of the mind that contains sensations, perceptions, thoughts, and memories of which one is unaware.

167
Q

Freud and the Unconscious

A

Conscious, preconscious, and cognitive unconscious.

168
Q

Cognitive Unconscious

A

Brain’s processes in perception (seeing), memory (retrieving), snap decisions, and priming (walk more slowly when elderly mentioned).

169
Q

Dualism

A

Separation between mind and body, physical and psychical causality. However, introspection is unreliable.

170
Q

Chinese Room Argument

A

Devised by Searle, attempts to show that AI is not possible.

171
Q

Epiphenomenon

A

Mind cannot affect brain in any way, and mind is a byproduct of brain activity, and nothing more.

172
Q

Split Brain

A

Creates two consciousnesses- two halves of body acting against each other.

173
Q

Blind Sight.

A

See black things but know where most things are.

174
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Activating can achieve a certain sensation (tickling foot with feather).

175
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Electrical stimulation can cause sparkles in vision.

176
Q

Clock and Finger

A

Subject must look at the clock and see what time he decides to lift finger, at the same time he lifts his finger. Subjects lifted finger 0.2 seconds after finger is lifted. Brain controls consciousness.

177
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that modifies your mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

178
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

Chemicals that modify consciousness.

179
Q

Stimulants

A

Causes activity in the nervous system. Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, metamphetamine, cocaine, ecstacy. Increased alertness and energy, insomnia, addictive. Euphoria, increased confidence, affression, paranoia.

180
Q

Opiates

A

Opium and its derivatives (heroine, morphine, methadone, codeine). Relieves pain, addictive. Feeling of well being, relaxation, lethargy, and stupor. Withdrawal symptoms like flu symptoms.

181
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Dream-like state with heightened awareness of sensory stimuli, hallucinations, synesthesia, altered sense of time. LSD, PCP, psilocybin, ketamine. Emotions, bliss to intense fear, altered sensations and perceptions, see things, patterns, colours, appear, or synesthesia.

182
Q

Depressants

A

Alcohol, barbituates, benzpdiazepines, glue, gasoline. Depresses activity in the nervous system, slows reactions, poor judgements, addictive.

183
Q

Marijuana (THC)

A

Anadamide, impaired motor control and coordination, poor judgement. Euphoria, heightened senses, hunger, laughter, introspective, and sleepy.

184
Q

Hypnosis

A

Set of techniques given to people that provide suggestions for alterations in their perception, thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors.

185
Q

Theories of Hypnosis

A

Sociocognitive Theory- acting out what you think you’re supposed to be doing. Dissociation Theory- two parts of the brain dissociate from each other. Being absent minded.

186
Q

Ideomotor Suggestion

A

Suggesting you will do something.

187
Q

Challenge Suggestion

A

Suggesting that you will not be able to do something.

188
Q

Cognitive Suggestion

A

Suggestion that your perception is going to change.

189
Q

What do Hypnotized People Do

A

Amazing feats, memory, and pain tolerance.

190
Q

Hypnotized Pople- How Far?

A

Pretend ruler is gun or knife and “kill”. Subjects did, but they knew gun and knife is fake.

191
Q

Rowland

A

Grab angry rattlesnake. Reach into jar of sulfuric acid. Throw sulfuric acid in experiementer’s face. Both control and test subjects did these things, assumed it is not dangerous.

192
Q

Sleep

A

A state characterized by a suspension of normal consciousness and electrophysiologically by specific brain waves.

193
Q

How do we Study Sleep

A

ElectroEncephloGraph and ElectroOculoGraph.

194
Q

Insomina

A

Most common sleep disorder. Waking up few hours into sleep, or not being able to sleep.

195
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Muscles of tongue relax, and cut off air flow. Leads to weight gain, fatigue, inability ton concentrate, irregular heartbeat.

196
Q

Somnammbulism

A

Sleep walking. Sign of stress, walking around while asleep.

197
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Rapid, sudden onset of sleep. Rapidly fall into REM.

198
Q

REM Sleep Disorder

A

Brain doesn’t paralyze muscles during REM sleep. You act out dreams, can be dangerous.

199
Q

Awake vs. Asleep

A

When you’re awake, you can be alert and attentive or eyes clsoe and relaxed. During sleep, you can be in non-REM or REM.

200
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A

Drowsy, fade away. Theta waves.

201
Q

Stage 2 Sleep

A

Periodic bursts of activity called sleep spindle. K-complex (higher amplitude waves). Theta waves.

202
Q

Stage 3 Sleep

A

Moderate sleep, No k complex but has sleep spindles. Delta waves.

203
Q

Stage 4 Sleep

A

Delta waves, no sleep spindles.

204
Q

Stage 5 Sleep

A

REM sleep, in an 8 hour night, 1 is REM. Brainstem, to thalamus, to occipital lobe.

205
Q

Restorative Hypothesis

A

We sleep to conserve calories, which is a result of slowing down of metabolism and body temperature decreasing.

206
Q

Unlearning Hypothesis

A

We experience many thigns during the day. This hypothesis tells you which things are safe to unlearn. Sleep is important for consolidation. Randy Gardner went sleep deprived for 264 hours.

207
Q

Dreams

A

Imagery that happens during sleep. However, we do not usually remember dreams.

208
Q

Dreams Are…

A

Emotional, illogical, sensations, uncritical acceptance, remembering (we rarely remember).

209
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

Wakeful life is ordered, sleeping is just random neural activity.

210
Q

Visual Perception

A

Active while you are dreaming, V1 and V2.

211
Q

Visual Association

A

V3 and V4 are active.

212
Q

Brain During Sleep

A

Prefrontal cortex less active (dreams irrational). Motor cortex and spinal neurons inactive. Amygdala active during nightmares. REM may be stimulations that allow us to challenge the future.

213
Q

Meditation

A

A variety of practices that train attention and awareness.

214
Q

Concentration

A

Focusing your mind on one thing.

215
Q

Awareness

A

Broad in scope, rather than focusing on one thing. Practice being aware of what is going on.

216
Q

Compassion

A

Practice generating empathy for others.

217
Q

Physical Effects of Meditation

A

Increased blood flow to brain, improved immune function, mediates cortex thinning.

218
Q

Behavioral Effects

A

Creativity, empathy, alertness, self esteem, eating disprders.

219
Q

Emotional Effects

A

Reduces anxiety, interpersonal problems, drop in recurrence of depression, reduces burn out.

220
Q

Creswell

A

27 meditators, those who meditated usually picked happier faces than those who did not meditate.

221
Q

Near Death Experience

A

Experiences people have when they come very close to death. No cardiac output, no respiration, fixed and dilated pupils, flat EEG.

222
Q

Characteristics of NDE

A

Warping of time, euphoria, awareness of being dead, hearing sounds, out of body experiences, life review, entering a tunnel, light, meeting dead relatives, heavenly or hellish landscapes.

223
Q

Jill Bolt Taylor

A

Experienced stroke, had NDE. Lost functioning of left hemisphere, happened slowly. Couldn’t identify difference between body and surrounding space. Strong sense of peacefulness.

224
Q

Out-of-Brain Theory

A

Vivid sensory imagery, clear memory, mental clarity, conviction that experience is real, mind separates from body (dualism).

225
Q

In-Brain Theory

A

Euphoria (endogenous beta-dorphins). Experience that as euphotia. Odd sensations are acting like crazy to prevent death. White light and tunnel are rods in retina firing like crazy. Experience of all colours is white. Further out there are less rods firing, looks like tunnel. God could be percieved as a result of temporal lobe epilepsy. False memories can account for what you think happened, but did not actually happen.

226
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Fast decaying store of visual information. Echoic is sound.

227
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it.

228
Q

Chunking

A

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in STM.

229
Q

NDMA Receptor

A

A receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neutrons by consolidating the initiation of LTP

230
Q

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

A

The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match.

231
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Information learned later impairs memory for information learned earlier.

232
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later.

233
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to do things in the future.

234
Q

Source Memory

A

Recalling when, where, and how information was formed.

235
Q

False Recognition

A

Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before.

236
Q

Acquisition

A

The phase of CC when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented together.

237
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The tendency of a learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a rest period.

238
Q

Reinforcer

A

Any stimulus that functions to increase the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it.

239
Q

Punisher

A

Any stimulus that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour that led to it.

240
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

An OC principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement.

241
Q

Intermittent-Reinforcement Effect

A

The fact that operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement.

242
Q

Latent Learning

A

A condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioural change until some time in the future.

243
Q

Cognitive Map

A

A mental representation of the physical features of the environment.

244
Q

Diffusion Chain

A

A process in which individuals initially learn a behaviour by observation, then serve as a model from which others learn the behaviour.

245
Q

Appraisal

A

An evaluation of the emotion relavant aspects of a stimulus.

246
Q

Reappraisal

A

Changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus.

247
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify.

248
Q

Display Rules

A

Norms for the control of emotional expression.

249
Q

Motivation

A

The purpose for or psychological cause of an action.

250
Q

Hedonic Principle

A

The notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.

251
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.

252
Q

Mortality-Salience Hypothesis

A

The prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews.

253
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

A motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding.

254
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

A motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding, but that lead to reward.

255
Q

Need for Achievement

A

The motivation to solve worthwhile problems.

256
Q

Approach Motivation

A

A motivation to experience positive outcomes.

257
Q

Avoidance Motivation

A

A motivation not to experience negative outcomes.

Psych 104 (1 decks)

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