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Sensation and Perception > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

3 stages of high level vision

A

Image
Surfaces
Objects

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2
Q

Approaches for object recognition

A

Template matching
Structural descriptions
View- dependent recognition

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3
Q

Template matching

A

Receptive fields as templates
- match image to stored representation in brain

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4
Q

Structural descriptions

A

Recognition by components
- interpretation depends on arrangement
- geons

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5
Q

What is a geon?

A

A simple 2D or 3D shape/ structure
- cylinder etc

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6
Q

Object recognition in the brain

A

Inferotemporal (IT) cortex
- neurons respond to complex stimuli

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7
Q

Viewpoint - dependent responses

A

Not all recognition is viewpoint invariant
- can read words upside down

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8
Q

View - dependent recognition

A

Stored characteristic views of objects
- can tell what an object is from different angles

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9
Q

Different levels of description

A

Objects can be classified at different levels

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10
Q

Superordinate classification of objects

A

Something super broad like an animal

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11
Q

Entry level classification of objects

A

More specific than “animal” but still just ‘dog’

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12
Q

Subordinate classification of objects

A

Specific to breed of animal such as “Labrador”

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13
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Inferences about function from impairments following brain damage

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14
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Loss of object recognition despite normal low-level vision

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of visual agnosia?

A

Apperceptive agnosia
Associative agnosia

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16
Q

Apperceptive agnosia

A

Disruption of basic form processing
- cannot complete images in brain

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17
Q

Associative agnosia

A

Impaired access to stored visual representations in memory
- may think that an octopus is a spider etc

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18
Q

Example of associative agnosia

A

Can copy drawings but cannot recognise own work

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19
Q

Neuropsychological inference

A

Patterns of dissociation
Separate brain systems for different mental functions
- “what” vs “where” pathways

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20
Q

Agnostic patient DF - perceptual orientation judgment

A
  • subject had a circle with a rectangle in the middle and had to match the orientation of the rectangle shown to them
  • The control showed an accurate straight line depiction but DF was scattered and nothing like the control
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21
Q

Agnostic patient DF - visuomotor task

A

Dissociation of recognition vs action
- had the subject post a thin object through a rectangle in a circle
- the results were much closer to that of the control this time.

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22
Q

Dissociating perception and action

A

Ebbinghaus illusion

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23
Q

Ebbinghaus illusion

A

Size can be manipulated by surrounding shapes.
- 2 orange circles are the same size - each represent the centre of a flower
- Orange circle 1 looks much smaller because the petals are larger
- Orange circle 2 looks much larger because the petals are smaller

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24
Q

Single vs double dissociations

A

Unequal effects on performance could arise from damage to one system.
- get a stronger inference from double dissociation

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25
Q

Looking for a double dissociation

A

Has object recognition but no vision for action
- Optic ataxia

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26
Q

Optic ataxia

A

Damage to parietal cortex

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27
Q

Two pathways for visual perception

A

Dorsal and ventral pathways

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28
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

“Where” pathway
- parietal cortex
- magnocellular input

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29
Q

Ventral pathway

A

“What” pathway
- lateral occipital and inferotemporal cortex
- parvocellular input

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30
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognise familiar faces
- family faces
- famous faces
- themselves in a mirror

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31
Q

Identifying people when you have prosopagnosia

A

People with prosopagnosia can identify people through other means:
- basic vision is intact
- recognises voices
- the way people walk

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32
Q

Origin of prosopagnosia

A

. “Acquired” due to brain damage
. Congenital “face blindness”

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33
Q

Ways prosopagnosia is acquired

A

Brain damage through strokes, car accidents etc…

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34
Q

Congenital “face blindness”

A

. A lifelong impairment
- 2% of people are born with it, it develops for the rest
- genetic

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35
Q

Prosopagnosia is single dissociation

A

Most people with prosopagnosia have intact object recognition but impaired fascia recognition
- possible damage to only one system?
Faces require within category discrimination; they all look so similar and are more difficult to tell apart.

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36
Q

Double dissociation between faces and objects example

A

Patient CK

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37
Q

Case of patient CK

A

Visual agnostic - head injury at age 27
Impaired object recognition:
- can’t recognise food in a cafeteria
- can’t distinguish toy soldiers he collected as a child
Normal face recognition:
- can see, describe and recognise faces

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38
Q

Face recognition in CK case

A

Vegetable face
- can see the face that is made out of vegetables and can describe what feature each vegetable is representing.

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39
Q

Face inversion effect

A

“Special” face processing only occurs for upright faces
Upside down faces are processed slower and less efficiently

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40
Q

Thatcher illusion

A

Face is turned upside down and looks normal, even though some features such as mouth and eyes stay the correct way.
Upside down it looks normal but the correct way up it looks extremely bad.

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41
Q

Holistic processing of faces

A

Whole vs part advantage
- more accurate recognition of individual parts

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42
Q

Composite face effect

A

When the top and bottom half of different faces are put together, they’re easier to recognise when misaligned than when directly lined up on top of one another.

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43
Q

Face distortion aftereffect

A

After looking at a distorted face for a while, the original face looks overly distorted in the opposite direction
- if looking at an extremely thin face, the original will look wider than it actually is

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44
Q

Face aftereffects

A

Adaptation moves perception in opposite direction
- shifts the neutral point

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45
Q

Neural basis of face perception

A

“Face cells” in IT cortex

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46
Q

The fusiform face area (FFA)

A

Specialised part of brain activated i facial recognition
Damaged in acquired prosopagnosia

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47
Q

Representation of person identity

A

Intracranial recordings of hippocampus
- recognise someone so have a “mum” cell or a “Jennifer Aniston” cell that only recognises that face.

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48
Q

FFA feeds into regions associated with memory

A

Anterior IT
Amygdala

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49
Q

Delusional misidentification syndromes

A

Capgras syndrome
Fregoli syndrome

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50
Q

Capgras delusion syndrome

A

Belief that family members have been replaced with identical looking imposters
FFA and Amygdala are disconnected

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51
Q

Fregoli syndrome

A

Belief that different people are all the same person in disguise

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52
Q

Neuroimaging of high-level vision

A

Using an MRI machine to see how blood flow changes are associated with neural firing

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53
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

A

Recognises places but not faces
- geographic layout of environment (houses, rooms, outdoor scenes)

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54
Q

Topographagnosia

A

Damage to the PPA
Loose the ability to navigate
Otherwise have normal vision
- know where they are but everything looks unfamiliar

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55
Q

Body perception lobe

A

Extrastriate body area (EBA)
- static images of human bodies or body parts
- lower response to faces, objects, animal bodies

56
Q

EBA damage - body part agnosia

A

Distorted self image (“too fat”) even when severely underweight
- changes in EBA structure and function
- excessive food restriction

57
Q

Body shape aftereffect

A

Whichever body type you spend most of your time looking at becomes the norm
- social media filters distort bodies

58
Q

Static vs dynamic body perception

A

EBA processes the structure of body parts
Superior temporal sulcus (STS) looks at biological movement

59
Q

Superior temporal sulcus (STS)

A

Biological motion

60
Q

Sensitivity to biological motion

A

“Uncanny valley” in film production
- when something looks and moves like a human but isn’t quite a human (dolls and zombies) its more scary

61
Q

Brain activity for uncanny motion

A

Larger STS response to android human vs robot human
. Biggest response to something that looks human but doesn’t move like one

62
Q

Biological motion

A

What contributes to the perceived attractiveness of biological motion?
Gender, weight, emotional state etc…

63
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

An exaggerated idea of attractiveness

64
Q

Attractiveness of point light walkers

A

Hyper feminine movements appear to attract more mates
Measure heterosexual mens appeal to the way point light silhouettes walk

65
Q

How do we use information about bodies?

A

Gestures
Proxemics
Mirroring
Social cognition

66
Q

Conscious gestures

A

The peace sign to some places is considered swearing to other places and people.

67
Q

Unconscious gestures

A

Generally universal (shrugging shoulders)
Some have specific cultural meanings

68
Q

Gestures during communication

A

Deaf children have spontaneous gestures

69
Q

Proxemics

A

Cultural perceptions of personal space:
- where do you sit on an empty bench?

Unconscious rules of how we arrange ourselves in an elevator

70
Q

Personal space

A

Damage to the amygdala causes someone to have no concept of personal space.

Different levels of personal space based on how well you know someone.

Standing face to face versus not making eye contact based on comfort level with that person.

71
Q

Mirroring

A

Unconsciously reproduce posture and gestures of other people we like and respect.

72
Q

Body posture and emotion

A

Facial cues carry information about emotion.
- Intense emotions can be difficult to differentiate between.
- same face on 2 different bodies - rely on body cues to tell emotion

73
Q

Expression in animals

A

Body posture and gestures of animals tell us their emotions

74
Q

Evolution of facial expressions

A

Primate facial musculature
- mainly forehead, nose and lip wrinkles

75
Q

Development of facial expressions

A

Early sensitivity to faces in babies
- more reactive to something with a face on than something without a face

Babies produce facial expressions in first few hours of being born in reaction to sweet, sour and bitter stimuli

76
Q

Origins of expression production

A

Are facial expressions learnt by being observed or are they hardwired?
Blind athletes still show facial expressions

77
Q

Universal expressions

A

Anger
Fear
Disgust
Shock
Joy
Sadness

78
Q

Universal emotions across cultures

A

When tribes were studied they had the same emotional reactions to events as we do

79
Q

Asymmetry in emotion processing

A

Being presented with an asymmetrical face makes it harder to distinguish emotions

80
Q

Head and gaze direction

A

The rotation of your head and gaze direction can impact the emotion or expression you display

81
Q

“Reading the mind in the eyes”

A

Some people interpret eyes as playful and joyful whilst others interpret them as bored, upset or tired etc…

82
Q

What makes a face attractive?

A

Symmetry
Averageness
Sexual dimorphism

83
Q

Symmetry

A

Symmetry is a physical indication of reproductive fitness

84
Q

Averageness

A

An average of two faces is more attractive than either of the original faces
- more attractive faces = more attractive average

85
Q

Sexual dimorphism in attractiveness

A

Sex hormones influence face shape

86
Q

Sexual dimorphism in females

A

Neonate features (“baby face”)
High cheekbones and narrow cheeks

87
Q

Sexual dimorphism in males

A

Stronger jaws and heavier brows
- attractiveness may depend on female menstrual phase

88
Q

Define attention

A

Selection: attention selects information for awareness
Slow, serial, limited capacity

89
Q

Preattentive processing

A

Image measurements in V1 - automatic (bottom-up)
Properties must be bound together by attention

90
Q

Two types of preattentive processing

A

Exogenous
Endogenous

91
Q

Exogenous attention processing

A

Reflexive or involuntary attention
Generated by external stimuli - brightness, colour, shape etc…

92
Q

Endogenous attention processing

A

Goal - directed attention
Voluntary attention selected by location or feature
Effortful

93
Q

Selection in space

A

Posner cuing task for covert attention

94
Q

Posner cuing task

A

Measures manual eye-movement reaction times in relation to cues

95
Q

Selecting for features

A

When we look at a scene we often look for certain features - some are easier to find than others.

96
Q

Visual search for features

A

Finding a friend in green is much easier when everyone is wearing red than when everyone is wearing green
- like where’s wally

97
Q

Feature selection

A

When looking at something, some features ‘pop out’

Other features must be attended one at a time - none stand out

98
Q

Visual search experiments

A

Subject reports whether a horizontal line is present in an array of vertical lines of different amounts

99
Q

Parallel vs serial searching

A

Serial processing = only one object can be processed at a time
Parallel processing = various objects are processed simultaneously

100
Q

Serial processing

A

Only one object can be processed at a time

101
Q

Parallel processing

A

Various objects can be processed simultaneously

102
Q

Conjunction search

A

Features need to be bound into objects

103
Q

Feature interrogation theory

A

Attention as “glue” binding features together

104
Q

High level features may be preattentive

A

Certain features guide our attention

105
Q

Disorders of attention

A

Dorsal processing stream
- “where”/“how”

106
Q

Visual neglect (hemispatial)

A

People only have responses in one side of their visual field
When copying a drawing, they only copy one half

107
Q

Measuring visual neglect in the lab

A

Line cancellation task
- have to cross out all the lines shown and only one half of the lines are crossed through

Line bisection task
- have to section a line in half and they cut it at 3/4 or 1/4 because they only see one half of the line

108
Q

Visual extinction

A

When 2 stimuli compete for the subject’s attention and the subject cannot identify the object

109
Q

Simultanagnosia

A

Subject can only focus on one object at a time

110
Q

Term for when subject can only focus on one thing at a time

A

Simultanagnosia

111
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A

Bilateral parietal damage

3 symptoms:
. Simultanagnosia
. Difficulty fixating
. Optic ataxia

112
Q

Anosognosia

A

Patient denies or is unaware of medical condition

113
Q

Term for when patient denies or is unaware of medical condition

A

Anosognosia

114
Q

Anton - Babinski syndrome

A

Denial of blindness due to occipital damage

115
Q

Blindsight

A

Damage to V1 leaves patient totally blind.
Basic visual function is preserved without awareness.

116
Q

Limits of physiology

A

Too much information to process everything

117
Q

Attention and high level vision

A

Increasing effects at higher levels of processing

118
Q

Capacity limits of attention

A

Space and time limits on attentional capacity

119
Q

Attention has limited capacity

A

Space: crowding
Tracking: multiple object tracking
Time: attentional blink

120
Q

Visual crowding

A

Objects which are easily recognised when alone are harder to spot in a crowded visual field

121
Q

Visual crowding vs acuity

A

Not just poor acuity in periphery

122
Q

Multiple object tracking

A

Ability to track multiple objects as they move simultaneously

123
Q

Temporal limits of attention

A

Attentional blink
Rapid serial visual presentation

124
Q

Attentional blink

A

Attention selection takes time
Inability to detect a second stimulus straight after the first

125
Q

Attentional bottleneck

A

We have limited attention resources that we can use at the same time

126
Q

Dividing attention

A

Multitasking
Phones cause 1 in 4 car crashes - hands free devices are no improvement
. Task switching

127
Q

Attending to the world

A

Attention guides our perception of the world but we can also use what we know about the world to guide our attention

128
Q

Object finding in scenes

A

Easy to find a tap in a picture of a kitchen because it’s a common object in that scene.
Difficult to find a TV in a kitchen scene because it’s not as common.

129
Q

Fast and efficient scene perception

A

When shown an array of images, it’s easy to identify if there is an animal present even though we only see each image very quickly.

130
Q

Scene ensemble statistics

A

Central tendency of visual properties in scenes

131
Q

Memory for scenes

A

When shown a bunch of pictures together for 5 seconds and asked to remember as many as possible, we can remember the general facts such as there was a picture of pigs, but we cannot identify specifics such as how many there were.

132
Q

Change blindness

A

When looking at two very similar images, its often difficult to distinguish between them, even when something changes

133
Q

Change blindness in videos

A

When watching a video, a woman’s jumper changes colour before our eyes and it is easily missed even when we are looking straight at it.

134
Q

Real world change blindness

A

Continuity errors in movies are often missed

When people switch roles during interactions, people often don’t realise that they are talking o someone completely different.

135
Q

What does change blindness mean for the world?

A

Our view of the world is relatively sparse but sudden disappearance and change is relatively rare.

136
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Whilst watching the white team and counting how many times they pass the ball, people miss the occurrence of a gorilla in the middle of the screen

137
Q

Science of magic

A

Magic is all about misdirecting attention so that actions can be performed unnoticed

Sensation and Perception (2 decks)

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