Final Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
What would you NOT use biofeedback for
A
Diagnosis of nerve impairment
2
Q
When setting parameters for a biofeedback treatment for a muscle contraction you should set the goal/target so that the patient achieves feedback roughly ? of the time
A
2/3
3
Q
Biofeedback units do not measure an exact physiological event, instead they measure something that is highly correlated to the event. In rehab what will the units an AT would use to measure
A
electromyographic activity
4
Q
T or F: In diathermy applications the greatest heating effect will be in the tissue that offers the greatest resistance to the current flow
A
True
5
Q
T or F: In diathermy shortwave units have electric fields
A
False, Magnetic fields
6
Q
T or F: Microwave units have Electric fields
A
True
7
Q
Which of the following would be from the acoustic spectrum: Diathermy, Iontophoresis, Electrical stimulation or Ultrasound
A
Ultrasound
8
Q
What is the name for the process by which energy travels through space
A
radiation
9
Q
Which of the following has the shortest wavelength: Cold pack, Hot Pack, electrical stimulation or ultravioletlight
A
Ultraviolet light
10
Q
?What is the law of Grotthus-draper
A
the inverse relationship between energy absorption by a tissue and the energy penetration to deeper layers of tissue
11
Q
What is the cosine law
A
smaller the angle between the propegating ray and the right angle, the less radiation reflected and the greater the absorption
12
Q
No reaction or changes can occur in the body tissues if the amount of energy absorbed is insufficient to stimulate the absorbing tissues is known as what principle
A
Arndt-schultz principle
13
Q
All of the following about infrared agents is true except: Thermotherapy is indicated for acute care, cold is indicated for acute care, cold is an adjunct for therapeutic exercise, or thermotherapy is an adjunct for therapeutic exercise
A
Thermotherapy is indicated for acute care
14
Q
Applying biofreeze is an example of cryo therapy, T or F
A
False
15
Q
Which of the following rows about infrared agent wavelength depths of penetration are correct: ice 1cm, heat 1-2mm Ice 3cm, Heat 1-2cm Ice 1cm, heat 1-2cm Ice 3cm, heat 1-2mm
A
Ice 1cm, heat 1-2mm
16
Q
Which of the following infrared agents does not use convection to transfer energy:
Hydrocullator pack, warm whirlpool, cold whirlpool or fluidotherapy
A
Hydrocullator pack
17
Q
Heat storage capacity is determined by size of the agent, temperature and properties of the agent, T or F
A
True
18
Q
What is an example of latent heat of fusion
A
0 degrees C ice to 0 degrees C water
19
Q
What is the cold treatment time for a hip joint
A
20-30 mins
20
Q
What is the could treatment time for an ankle joint
A
15-20 mins
21
Q
What type of energy does physical agents not use
A
Gamma
22
Q
What is the order of healing phases
A
inflammation, proliferation and remodeling
23
Q
Which of the following is NOT true about the remodeling pahse of healing:
Takes up to one year
Type III to type I collagen transition is over 50%
Wound contraction occurs
Type III to type I collagen transition is under 50%
A
Type III to type I collagen transition is under 50%
24
Q
Pain cause much of the limited mobility and loss of function in the inflammation phase, T or F
A
True
25
Histamine release causes vasoconstriction in the area during the inflammation phase, T or F
False
26
Type III collagen is laid down with good organization for form strong repair of an injury during the proliferation phase, T or F
False
27
What proteins promote, speed up and enhance the healing process?
Growth factors
28
When thinking about muscle spasm and swelling, Spasm can increase blood flow to the area, T or F?
False
29
Is thermotherapy a good choise to use during the inflammation phase?
No
30
Which modality would be least beneficial during the remodeling phase of healing
Interferential electric stimulation
31
The proliferation phase takes how long to occur
3-21 days
32
Amplitude of a wave is the hightest point of each pulse phase, T or F
True
33
Duration is the time of the pulse from beginning to the end of all phases, T or F
True
34
Frequency is the number of electrons that flow in one second, T or F
False
35
Direction is based on the electron flow towards polarity, T or F
True
36
Which of the following statements about pulse rate is NOT true:
a) the amount of time for a pulse to reach it's peak aptitude is the reate of rise
b) a fast rise decreases excitability
C) the amount of time for a pulse to go from peak amplitude to 0 volts is the decay time
d) a slow rise allows for accommodation or inexcitability of nervous tissue
B
37
When compression is applied to cold the tempratures decrease is greater due to the following except:
a) the specific heat of ice is increased
b) decreased circulation
c) increased agent to skin interface
d) insulating the agent from the environment
A
38
What is the order of sensations with ice immersion
cold, deep-aching pain, pins and needles and numbness
39
How much will a 10 degree F tissue temperature decrease affect metabolism in the treated area
50%
40
Treatment of frostbite should include immersion in cool water 40-50 degreesF, T or F
False
41
How long does it usually take to renumb an area after a bout of exercise during cryokinetics
3-5 minutes
42
how many cryokinetic routines can you perform in one day
2-3
43
During cryokinetics what is considered a "built-in safety valve"
Pain
44
Is acute edema an indication for thermotherapy
NO
45
Which of the following is not a thermotherapy agent
a) electric heating pad
b) fluidotherapy
c) icy-hot ointment
d) paraffin bath
Icy-hot treatment
46
What temperature should a warm whilrpool for an extremity be(In F)
98-108
47
how many times is an extremity dipped into a paraffin bath during a standard treatment
6
48
What is the recommended temperature for the warm tub of a contract bath
104-106
49
What is the recommended temperature for the cold tub of a contrast bath
50-60
50
What is the typical depth of penetration of counterirritants
only 1-2mm
51
Ultrasound frequency is measured in?
Hertz
52
Acoustic energy relies on what for transmission
molecular collision
53
What ultrasound frequency penetrates the deepest
1MHz
54
Which node is positive and which node is negative: anode Cathode
Anode-positive
| Cathode-negative
55
an Ampere is a measurement of electron flow, T or F
True
56
What material allows for free elctron flow: conductor or insulator
conductor
57
What is modulation
alterations or variations of current pulse
58
The different in electrical potential between the two poles in e stim is called what
Volts
59
What unit is used to measure resistance to electron flow
Ohm
60
The sodium-poatssium pump allws negatively charged ions to permeate the cel while pumping out positively charged ions, T or F
True
61
The resting potential is the potential different between the inside of the cell and the ouside of the cell, T or F
True
62
Depolarization of the cell occurs as resting potential is increased, T or F
False resting potential is neurtalized
63
An action potential is a recorded change in electrical between the inside and outside of a nerve cell resulting in muscular contraction, T or F
True
64
All stmuli are effective in causing an action potential and depolarization, T or F
False
65
Muscle and nerve excitation occurs through an all-or-nothing response once depolarization threshold is achieved, T or F
True
66
Skin is a good conductor of electrical current, T or F
False
67
The anode is the site that typically causes depolarization and is called the active electrode, T or F
False
68
Galvanic stimulating currents are an A/C waveform, T or F
False
69
The absolute refractory period is the time between depolarization and when a nerve is able to transmit a second impulse, T or F
True
70
Tetany is when the intensity is not great enough to have all muscle fibers contract synchronously
False
71
What is the definiton of Tissue impedance
resistance of tissue to the passage of electrical current
72
Which electrode is always considered the active electrode in iontophoresis
drug delivery electrode
73
Which of the followingwould be least effective for muscle contraction
a) russian
b) high volt
c) biphasic
d) premodulated
d-premodulated
74
Which of the following would be least effective for pain control
a) low volt DC/TENS current
b) premodulated current
c) biphasic current
d) interferential current
C-biphasic current
75
Which of the following is not a system of pain control in the body
a) galvanism
b) central biasing
c) opiate system
d) gate control
A-galvanism
76
Which of the following falls withing the recommended range of current amplitude for iontophoresis:
a) 3mA
b) 40mA
c) 10mD
d) none of the above
A-3mA
77
Dosage for iontophoresis is measuren in
mA/min
78
What is it called when two currents combine to create decreased net amplitude
destructive interference
79
What is radiating pain down a nerve distribution often called
radiculopathy
80
What is the number one reason patients seek medical care
pain
81
the most common medication used for iontophoresis is dexamethasone, what is the polarity
negative
82
internittent compression, traction and massage are all forms of what type of energy
mechanical
83
What type of light causes changes in the superficial skin and has very short wavelength
Ultraviolet
84
How deep from the surface does a 1MHz ultrasound wave typically penetrate tissue
2-5cm
85
What are areas of high molecular density within an ultrasound wave called
compression
86
What is wavelength of an ultrasound wave?
measured distance between two successive peaks of the pressure wave
87
what is it called when you have alternating compression and expansion of gas bubbles due to ultrasound
cavitation
88
what is bubble rotation or fluid movement along cell membrane boundaries due to ultrasound called
microstreaming
89
What is spatial averaged intensity
average over an area of a transducer
90
What is temporal averaged intensity
average of the power of bot on and off times
91
What is effective radiating area
surface area of the transducer actually producing US
92
What is Beam non-uniformity ratio
spatial peak intensity/spatial average intensity
93
What is spatial peak intensity
highest intensity within an US beam
94
What is duty cycle
percentage of time the US generator is producing US
95
What is half value thickness
Tissue depth at which 1/2 the US is attenuated
96
T or F: US treatments can be given once a day for 15 consecutive days
False: 14 max
97
T or F: US to scar tissue is meant to soften scar tissue and make it easier to stretch
True
98
T or F: A low BNR is more likely to produce hot spots when doing US
False
99
T or F: Phonophoresis is the use of US to drive drug/medication ions into the body
False
100
T or F: Pulsed US done acutely is meant to accelerate healing and repair
True
101
T or F: Pain relief from US is due to the temprature difference between heated tissue and regular body temperature
True
102
A 3MHz US has a more divergent(spreads out more) beam than 1MHz
False
103
T or F:Althought the reason is not fully understood, heating effects from diathermy stay in tissue longer than other agents
True
104
T or F:US done for chronic inflammation is meant to increase blood flow for healing
True
105
T or F: phonophoresis has been shown to be more effective than US alone in some studies
True
106
What is it called when water is used to raise or lower tissue temperature
Hydrotherapy
107
How many layers should you have between a hot pack and the patient
6
108
What tissue can transverse sound waves travel through
bone
109
How long is a normal exercise bout during cryokinetics before have to re-cool the area
2-3 mins
110
What is the typical ratio for a contrast bath, hot to cold
4:1
111
What should the water temperature be in a hydrocullator
160-170
112
Does light get billed as an infrared modality
NO
113
When energy is gained will an electron move to a higher or lower orbit
higher
114
what is it when a high percentage of excited cells are enclosed within a chamber with a mirror on one end and a semipermeable "mirror" at the other end
laser
115
What does laser stand for
light emplification for the stimulated emission of radiation
116
What are two main types of lasers used in the medical field
helium neon and gallium arsenide
117
What does LLT stand for
low laser therapy
118
What does LPT stand for
Low power therapy
119
Are low power lasers used to stimulate wound healing
yes
120
What are some indications for lasers
facilitate wound healing, pain reduction, increasing tensile strength of a wound, decreaseing scar tissue, decreasing inflammation and bone healing
121
What are contraindications for lasers
cancer/tumor, to the eyes, pregnancy
122
What units is energy dose in for lasers
J or Joules/cm2
123
What is the depth of penetration for HeNe laser
direct effect2-5mm, indirect effect 8-10mm
124
What is the depth of penetration for GaAslaser
direct effect 1-2cm, indirect effect 5am
125
Which laser has a longer wavelength: HeNe or GaAs
GaAs
126
What does LED stand for
light emitting diodes
127
What is rickets associated with
vitamin D deficiency
128
What MIRE
Monchromatic near-infrared light energy
129
What is the only type of MIRE available
anodyne therapy
130
What is the treatment time for anodyne treatments
15-20 minutes
131
What are the contraindications
directly over any active malignancy, over/near womb of pregnant woman, over eyes or face, directly over topical heating agent
132
What are the precautions for anodyne
superficial burns and hypoglycemia
133
What is intermittent compression
clinical tool used in the reduction of edema throughout extremities using an external pressure pump unit
134
What is edema
presence of abnormal amounts of fluid in the extracellular tissue spaces
135
what is another name for lymphedema
pitting edema
136
What is lymphedema
swelling occuring outside the joint due to acculmulation of lymph
137
What must you do prior to doing intermittent compression
blood pressure check
138
What strategies can we use for edema reduction
elevation, muscle contraction/exercise, massage, electrical stimulation, elastic compression, cryotherapy, lymphedema therapy
139
What are common pressures for the UE an LE?
UE- 30-60mmHg
| LE- 40-80mmHG
140
What is the rule of 30?
30mmHg for 30 secs on and 30 secs off
141
What must you do after the treatment is over
extend treatment by applying an ace wrap distal to proximal
142
What are some precautions of intermittent compression
impaired sensation, uncontrolled hypertension, cancer,stroke and superficial peripheral nerves
143
What are some contraindications for intermittent compression
DVT, thrombophelbitis,pulmonary embolism, obstructed venous return, local infection, displaced fractures
144
What is CPM
continuous passive motion
145
What is the definition of massage
mechanical stimulation of tissues by rhythmically applied pressure and stretching
146
What are some effects of massage
increase flexibility and coronation,increased pain threshold, decreased neuromuscular excitability, facilitate healing, restore joint mobility, remove lactic acid
147
What is myofascial release used to help with
tight fascia
148
During a massage, should your hands ever leave the patient
no one hand should alwas remain on the patient
149
What are some contracindications for massage
embolism, thrombosis, synovitis, skin/joint infections, acute inflammatory conditions
150
What is a hoffa massage
combination of effleurage, petrissage, tapotement and vibration
151
What is a friction massage most commonly used for
muscles, tendons and ligaments
152
What is another name for cross friction massage
transverse friction massage
153
What is connective tissue massage
stroking technique to the layers of connective tissue, CT causing abnormal tightness and local inflammation
154
What is active release technique used for
correct soft tissue problems caused by the formation of fibrotic adhesions
155
What are the contraindications of traction
acute injury/inflammation, joint hyper mobility, c1-c2 instability, recent joint fusion surgery within a year, spinal infection, pregnancy,rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis
