Final Exam Review Flashcards
what are the bond types?
ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds.
what are ionic bonds?
to move to a lower energy shell, electrons will sometimes move from one atom to another, creating ions.
what is a example of a ionic bond?
sodium chloride, MSG
what are covalent bonds?
to fill an energy shell, atoms will sometimes share electrons creating covalent bonds, these are strong bonds
what is a example of a covalent bond?
ethanol, DNA, MSG, usually biological molecules
what are hydrogen bonds?
bonds formed between the slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and the slightly negatively charged oxygen atom of another
what is a isotope?
a atom with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, same amount of protons and electrons
what is a ion?
a charged atom or molecule, number of electrons does not equal the number of protons
what is a isomer
a molecule with the same formula, but a different structure ex: butane and isobutane
what is a polar covalent bond?
uneven sharing of electrons, which creates a molecule with one side that is more positive and one that is more negative
if something is soluble then its______
polar
what is a non polar covalent bond?
electrons are shared evenly, charge is equally disubstituted across the molecule
what is a example of a non polar substance?
oil, fat
what are the properties of water?
cohesion, regulates temperatures, low density as solid, good solvent, chemical reactant and product
cohesion in water happens because of
hydrogen bonds, water molecules stick together
how do hydrogen bonds affect the temperature of water?
energy from the sun disrupts the bonds between water molecules, new bonds are made quick, sun energy is being used on breaking the bonds rather increasing the temperature
in frozen water the molecules are?
spread out more, no movement, makes ice less dense
in liquid water the molecules are?
close together and moving freely, increases the density
what makes water a good solvent?
the polarity, the slightly more negative and positive
what makes something more acidic?
higher concentration of H+ ions
what makes something more basic?
higher concentration of OH- (hydroxide)
how do buffers work?
absorb or release H+ ions
what makes up polymers?
monomers
what are the two types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides and disaccharides
what are the three monosaccharides?
glucose, fructose, galactose
what are the three disaccharides?
maltose, sucrose, lactose
what are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy, structure, signaling,
what is stored short term energy called?
glycogen
what are proteins made out of?
chain of amino acids ( peptide bonds )
what is the monomer of proteins?
amino acids
what are the functions of proteins?
make collagen ( structural ), anti bodies, make muscle proteins ( myosin, actin ), membrane channel proteins ( transport ), digestive enzymes
what are nucleic acids made out of?
nucleotides, the monomers
what holds nucleotides together?
phosphodiester bonds
what is the function of nucleic acids?
information storage
what is the monomer of lipids?
fatty acids
what do fatty acids make up?
triglycerides, the polymer
what bond holds fatty acids together?
ester bonds
what is hydrogenation?
artificial addition of hydrogen to atoms to unsaturated fat to make the fat more saturated
what are saturated fats?
solid at room temperature, even and straight bonding
what are unsaturated fats?
liquid at room temperature, uneven bonding
what are the functions of lipids?
energy storage, signaling
what do only prokaryotes only have?
free floating DNA, no membrane bound organelles, always unicellular
what domain are prokaryotes in?
bacteria, archaea
what do only eukaryotes only have?
DNA is nucleus, membrane bound organelles, unicellular and multicellular, domain eukarya
what do eukaryotes and prokaryotes both have in common?
all properties of life, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, contain DNA
what does the mitochondria do?
generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cells biochemical reactions
what do ribosomes do?
produce proteins
what is the function of the endomembrane system?
break down toxic chemicals and cellular by-products
what parts are in the endomembrane system?
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysomes
what is the endoplasmic reticulum?
can be smooth or rough, network of membranes that help with protein synthesis
what is the golgi apparatus?
sort proteins coming from the ER
what are lysomes?
the digestive system of the cell
what do animal cells have that plant cells dont?
centrioles
what is the function of the cellular membrane?
separate the cytoplasm from surroundings, transport substances in and out of cell, receive and respond to external stimuli
how do things get across the membrane?
passive transport, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis
what are the three different types of passive transport?
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
diffusion does what?
move from a area of high concentration to low concentration
facilitated diffusion does what?
move from a area of high concentration to low concentration using a protein channel
what is osmosis?
diffusion of water, water will move to the lower concertation
what is a hypertonic solution?
high solute, less solvent
what is a isotonic solution?
same solute and solvent content
what is a hypotonic solution?
high solvent, low solute.
what is active transport?
allows molecules to be moved against their concentration gradient, low to high, requires ATP
endocytosis is?
to go in the cell, require energy
exocytosis is?
to go out the cell, require energy
what are enzymes?
biological catalysts, substance that speeds up a chemical solution , lower the activation energy
factors that affect enzymes are?
substrate concentration, competitive inhibitor, non-competitive inhibitor, change in environmental condition
what is a genome?
organisms genetic makeup
diploid
46 chromosomes, mitosis
haploid
23 chromosomes, meiosis
autosomal dominant
a pattern of inheritance in which only one copy of a mutated gene is required to inherit a trait
polygenic
many genes code for one trait, ex eye color, skin color, height and hair color
pleiotropy
one gene has multiple biological effects, ex, sickle cell disease, marfan syndrome, schizophrenia.
what is the central dogma?
DNA to RNA to Protein, cant be reversed
DNA to RNA
transcription
RNA to Protein
translation
