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Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Perspective

A

An approach that uses knowledge about underlying physiology to explain behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A

An approach suggesting that behavior is primarily learned through associations, reinforcers, and observation

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3
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

An approach examining mental processes that direct behavior

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4
Q

Humanitistic Psychology

A

An approach suggesting that human nature is by and large positive, and human direction is toward growth

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5
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

An approach developed by Frued suggesting that behavior and personality are shaped by unconscious conflicts

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement that can be used to test a prediction

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7
Q

Independent Variable

A

In the experimental method, the variable manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable

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8
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In the experimental method, the characteristic or response that is measured to determine the effect of the researcher’s manipulation

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9
Q

Experimental Group

A

The participants in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment variable or manipulation by the researcher

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10
Q

Control Group

A

The participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the treatment variable

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11
Q

Case Study

A

A type of descriptive research that closely examines an individual or small group

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12
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A type of descriptive research that studies participants in their natural environment through systematic observation

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13
Q

Survey Method

A

A type of descriptive research that uses questionnaires or interviews to gather data

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14
Q

Experimental Method

A

A type of research that manipulates a variable of interest to uncover cause-and-effect relationships

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15
Q

Correlational Method

A

A type of research examining relationships among variables

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16
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

The statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

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17
Q

Random Assignment

A

The process of appointing study participants to experimental or control groups, ensuring that every person has an equal chance of being assigned to either

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18
Q

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT)

A

a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the brain

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19
Q

PET Scan

A

an imaging test that produces images of your brain at work; uses a tracer to look for disease or injury

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20
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computergenerated images of brain tissue

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21
Q

Axon

A

Skinny tube-like structure of a neuron that extends from the cell body, and that sends messages to other neurons through it’s axon terminals

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22
Q

Dendrites

A

Tiny, branchlike fibers extending from the cell body that recieve messages from other neurons and send information in the direction of the cell body

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23
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of a neuron containing the nucleus of the cell

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24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate at the synapse

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25
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter responsible for muscle movement, memory, arousal, and attention
26
Dopamine
Neurotransmitter responsible for coordination of muscle movement, attention, and please
27
GABA
Neurotransmitter that inhibits communication between neurons
28
Glutamate
Neurotransmitter that promotes communication between neurons
29
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter that effects mood, appetite, aggression, and sleep
30
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter that helps prepare the body for stressful situations
31
Thalamus
Processes and relays sensory information to the cortex
32
Hypothalamus
Keeps the body's systems in a steady state
33
Amygdala
Processes aggression and basic emotions like fear, and the memories associated with them
34
Hippocampus
Primarily responsible for processing and forming new memories from experiences
35
Pons
Helps regulate sleep-wake cycles and coordinates movement between the right and left sides of the body
36
Medulla
Oversees functions such as breathing and heart rate
37
Cerebellum
Involved in muscle coordination and balance
38
Wernicke's Area
responsible for language comprehension
39
Broca's Area
responsible for language production
40
Classical Conditioning
Learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other; when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response
41
Extinction (Classical)
The process in which the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
42
Extinction (Operant)
The disappearance of a learned behavior through the removal of its reinforcer
43
Operant Conditioning
Learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their consequences
44
Stimulus Discrimination
The abilitiy to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it
45
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response
46
Secondary Reinforcer
A reinforcer that does not satisfy a biological need but often gains power through its association with a primary reinforcer
47
Primary Reinforcer
A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need
48
Procedural Memory
The unconscious memory of how to carry out a variety of skills and activities
49
Episodic Memory
The record of memorable experiences or "episodes" including when and where they occurred
50
Sensory Memory
A stage of memory that captures near-exact copies of vast amounts of sensory stimuli for a very brief period of time
51
Short-Term Memory
A stage of memory that temporarily maintains and processes a limited amount of information
52
Long-Term Memory
A stage of memory with essentially unlimited capacity and the ability to store information indefinitely
53
Erickson's Psychosocial Stages (in orfer)
Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Confusion, Initmacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair
54
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
55
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Pre-Conventional (Avoiding Punishment, Self-Interest), Conventional (Social Acceptance, Law and Order), Post-Conventional (Social Contract, Principle)
56
Anxiety Disorders
A group of psychological disorders associated with extreme anxiety and/or debilitating, irrational fears
57
Schizophrenia
A disabling psychological disorder that can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal motor behavior
58
Typicality
Degree to which behavior is atypical, meaning rarely seen or statistically abnormal
59
Dysfunction
Degree to which behavior interferes with daily life and relationships
60
Distress
Degree to which behavior or emotions cause an individual to feel upset or uncomfortable
61
Deviance
Degree to which behavior is considered outside the standards or rules of society
62
Behavior Therapy
A type of therapy that focuses on behavioral change
63
Cognitive Therapy
A type of therapy aimed at addressing the maladaptive thinking that leads to maladaptive behaviors and feelings
64
Humanistic Therapy
A type of insight therapy that emphasizes the positive nature of humankind
65
Psychodynamic Therapy
A type of insight therapy that incorporates core psychoanalytic themes, including the idea that personality and behaviors can be traced to unconscious conflicts and past experiences
66
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization
67
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Suggests that personality results from relationships and other environmental factors and patterns of thinking
68
Achievement Tests
Tests designed to assess accquired knowledge, such as the SAT or ACT
69
Aptitude Tests
Tests designed to assess a person's potential for future learning, such as an IQ test
70
Rorschach Inkblots
A projective personality test in which the administer shows five cards of monochrome ink plots, asking what you see

General Psychology (1 decks)

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