Final Exam review Flashcards
How are emotions adaptive?
Emotions are adaptive in that they changed based on given stimuli
What are the 3 responses that make up emotions?
Physiological (change in brain activity)
Behavioral (change in body language and actions)
Cognitive (mental assessment and thoughts about experience)
What are the 6 Universal Facial Expressions?
Anger
Happiness
Surprise
Disgust
Fear
Sadness
What is the muscle that shows someone is genuinely smiling?
Orbicularis, is the muscle that crinkles the corner of someone’s eye.
What is the Facial Feedback Hypothesis?
Our mood is affected by feedback from facial expressions
What parts of the brain help feel pleasure?
The Median Forebrain, Ventral Tegmental Area, and Orbitofrontal cortex
What did Olds & Milner do with rats?
They hooked up electrodes in a rat brain that connected to a switch; once the switch was turned on it sent a giant wave of dopamine through the brain.
What parts of the brain help feel fear?
The amygdala and sensory cortex
What is the pathway for an unconscious reaction to fear?
Fear->Thalamus->Amygdala
What is the pathway for a conscious reaction to fear?
Fear->Sensory Cortex->Hippocampus->Amygdala
What is fear conditioning?
Exposing an organism routinely to a fearful thing in a controlled environment to stop said fear.
What is evidence of sex hormones having a role in animals?
An experiment where rats sex hormones were removed, leading to their aggression decreasing
How does testosterone correlate with aggression in humans?
High testosterone does not equal high aggression in humans
What is the role of testosterone in humans?
A result of winning competitions; increases strength and muscle mass.
What other chemicals are involved with aggression?
GABA and Serotonin
What is stress?
A group of mental and behavioral processes when events exceed an organism’s; ability to respond healthily.
What is General Adaptation Syndrome?
The physiological changes the body goes through as it responds to stress.
What are the 3 steps in General Adaptation Syndrome?
Alarm Reaction (Initial Stage)
Resistance Stage (Restores Body)
Exhaustion Stage (Reaction to Prolonged Stress)
What part of the brain activates the Anterior Pituitary Gland?
The hypothalamus, which activates the fight/flight response
What does the fast response do in the Pituitary Gland?
It stimulates the adrenal gland; secreting epinephrine & norepinephrine
What does the slow response do in the pituitary Gland?
It stimulates cortisol; which is released from the adrenal gland
What are the main cells in the Immune System?
White blood cells (Lymphocytes)
What are white cells made of?
B Cells and T Cells
What do B cells do?
Produce antibodies against foreign molecules and tag them FOR DEATH
What do T cells do?
Kill tagged cells & secret cytokines with increase inflammation
What is a short term effect of stress and why is it important?
It suppresses the immune system and allows resources to be relocated. It’s important because it was used to help escape predators.
What are some long term effects of stress?
Faster aging, tired more often, hypertension, low libido and ovulation, neurons die faster, and chromosomes shorten
What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) made up of?
The Brain, Spinal Cord, & Optic Nerve
What is the Peripheral Nervous System made of?
Everything not in the CNS
What is the makeup of a neuron?
Dendrites->Soma->Axon->Axon Terminal
What is the purpose of each part of a neuron?
Dendrites: Get input of messages
Soma: The nucleus; where messages are interpreted
Axon: Where the message is carried
Axon Terminal: Sends the message
What is the cerebral cortex made of?
Frontal lobe: Executive function and planning
Parietal lobe: Touch & where the body is in 3D space
Temporal lobe: Hearing & language
Occipital lobe: Vision
What is an experiment?
A 7 step process that tries to answer a question
What is correlation?
When 2 independent variables interact in a significant way
What are 5 things that can be manipulated in Bio Psych?
Genetics (Breeding)
Neuropharmacology (Drugs to chemically change brain activity)
Electrical Stimulation (Change brain activity to change behavior)
Lesion Studies
Trauma Studies
What are 5 things that can be measured in Bio Psych?
Neuroimaging (See brain structure and activity)
Electrophysiology ( Which regions and neurons are active)
Neurochemistry ( Which regions are active when a patient performs a task)
Histology (Staining of brain tissues)
Behavior
What is Spina Bifida?
The Neural tube fails to develop correctly
What are the steps of Neuron creation?
Neurogenesis (Cell division makes neurons)
Cell Migration (Cells move elsewhere)
Differentiation (Cells become distinctive)
Synaptogenesis (Neurons establish synaptic connections)
Neuronal Cell Death (Apoptosis)
Synapse Rearrangement (Synapse finalize formation)
What is the resting membrane potential and what chemicals does it have?
When the neuron is “asleep”; Potassium (K) and sodium (Na)
What is the Action Potential and what chemical does it have?
When the neuron is “awake”; Calcium (Ca)
What are the ways the membrane potential changes?
Hyperpolarization (MP decreases/becomes negative)
Depolarization (MP increases/ becomes positive)
What is Diffusion?
Molecules move from a high to a low concentration
K is moved outside the neuron
Cl is moved inside the neuron
What is electrostatic Pressure?
Particles with opposite charges attract
K links with Cl
K is moved inside the neuron
Cl is moved outside the neuron
What is the one chemical that is always pushed inside the membrane potential?
Na
What is the difference between a myelinated axon and an unmyelinated axon?
The Action Potential travels faster with the myelinated axon; called a Saltatory Connection
What are the 6 steps in the release of a Neurotransmitter?
a. The action potential moves from the axon to the terminal button
b. Voltage Gate Calcium channels open and allow Ca to flow in
c. Ca pops open vesicles allowing neurotransmitters to be released into the cleft
d. NT binds to postsynaptic receptors
e. The binding opens NT-dependent ion channels
f. Ion channels generate electrical signals in the synaptic cleft
What do postsynaptic potentials generate?
EPSP (depolarizes) and IPSP (Hyperpolarizes)
What does an agonist do?
It increases the amount of neurotransmitters
What does an antagonist do?
It decreases the amount of neurotransmitters
What is the dose-response curve?
A drug increases its effect exponentially until it hits a ceiling
What is the definition of sensation?
The physical environment acting upon your body
What is the definition of perception?
The organization & interpretation of signals
What are the 4 things all sensory systems have in common?
Environmental stimulus
Sensory organ
Sensory receptor
Sensory Transduction
What is the purpose of the middle ear?
It converts sound waves into fluid waves
What are the 6 steps in the organ of Corti?
a. Stereocilia hairs are stretched and make sound waves into electrical activity
b. Calcium and potassium come in
c. Hair cells depolarize
d. Voltage Gate dependent Calcium channels open
e. Glutamate is released
f. Glutamate is detected in the auditory nerve
What causes Diabetes I?
The pancreas stops making insulin
What causes Diabetes II?
The human body stops becoming sensitive to insulin.
What part of the brain tells you when you’re full?
Ventromedial hypothalamus
What part of the brain tells you when you’re hungry?
Lateral hypothalamus
What is recorded when you sleep?
EEG, EOG, EMG
What stage of sleep has slow EEG?
SWS
What stages of sleep have fast EEG?
Awake and REM
What is the definition of learning?
Receiving information
What is the definition of memory?
Retaining and recalling information
What did H.M. tell us about making memories?
The hippocampus is important for making memories
What is important about long term potentiation?
It is thought to help with memory formation
