Final Exam Review!! Flashcards
This deck + mid term deck = final review!!!
What resp disease causes inflammation of the muscosa with edema?
Asthma!!
Which resp disease causes constriction of the smooth muscle (bronchonconstriction)??
ASTHMA
Which resp diseases results in cardiac output and stroke volume lowered due to VASOCONSTRICTION??
congestive heart failure
What rep disease is destruction of the alveolar walls which leads to permanently inflated alveolar air spaces? (damaged alveoli)
emphysema
How does a pt with emphysema present?
PINK PUFFER
- CO2 Retainers
- skinny
- warm flushed skin
- severe dyspnea
- older and thin
What happens to the air when there is a partial obstruction of the bronchioles ??
AIR TRAPPING!!!
What happens when there is a total obstruction of the bronchioles?
when mucous plugs completely BLOCK FLOW of already narrowed passages!!!
Pathophysiology of bronchoconstriction?
airway become inflammed
bronchioles are constricted
vasoconstriction as well!!!!!!!!
What is the patho of hypoglycemia?
occurs from the lack of insulin in the body
rapid onset that can be caused by:
- not taking meds
- not eating enough
- length and exertion of physical activity
- drinking alcohol
severely low BGL is a medical emergency which can cause seizures nad brain damage. Syncope can also result
What is a drug BLOCKER?
an antagonist drug as it blocks an action of a neurotransmitter
What is homeostasis?
maintaining a state of equilibrium in the body!!
What is a MIMETIC?
agonist - imitates or “mimics” the action of a neurotransmitter
What are examples of cardiovascular drugs?
beta blockers
calcium channel blockers
diuretics
antiplatelets
anticoagulants
ACE inhibitors
antihyperlipidemic agents
antilanginals
nitrates
What are beta blockers?
reduce the O2 demand of the heart muscle, affects B1 (cardiac stimulation) and B2 (bronchial relaxtion) cells.
dilates blood vessels reducing BP
-LOL’s
Metoprolol: lopressor
Atenolol
Propranolol: inderal
Bisoprolol: monocur
What are calcium channel blockers?
Relaxes the smooth muscle. decreasing peripheral resistance
used to treat HTN
typically ends in -INE
What are diuretics?
decreased BP by decreasing blood volume and sodium retention
increases the elimination of water, sodium, electrolytes
Loop sparing diuretics: inhibit Na/K/2cl and transport proteins in the loop of henle
- Potassium sparing diuretics: increase diuresis but without causing potassium to leave the body
- Most common is spironolactone
- Thiazide diuretics: act by inhibiting NaCl reabsorption into the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
- Most common is hydrochlorothiazide
- Common diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide, aldactone (spironolactone), furosemide (lasix), metolazone
What are antilipedemic agents?
used to lower the amount of LDL (bad fats) in the system
often ends in -STATIN
What are antiplatelets?
interfere with steps of clot formation
ASA (asaphen, entrophen, novasen)
- Dipyridamole: aggrenox
- Clopidogrel: pplavix
- Trigrelor: brilinta
What are anticoagulants?
used to make the blood less viscous. increases levels of antithrombin, which then inhibits clotting factors:
Heparin (works with antithrombin) and warfarin (affects the clotting) are the most common
- Pradaxa
- Xarelto
- Eliquis: abixaban
- Enoxaparin: lovenox
What are ACE inhibitors?
used to treat HTN by blocking the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme.
commonly have -PRIL
Lisinopril: Prinivil
- Accupril: Quinapril
- Enalapril: Vasotec
- Ramipril: Altace
What are antianginals?
used to increase blood and O2 supply to the heart while reducing workload of the heart, can be accomplished by vasodilation or reducing vasospasm
What are nitrates?
oldest drug to treat angina
dilate blood vessels and increase O2 supply to the heart
relax and dilate medium-large coronary arteries and veins, increases O2 to the heart
reduces fluid backup in the ventricles, thereby reducing cardiac workload
WHAT IS ANGINA PATHO?
caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
blood carries oxygen which the heart muscle needs to survive
when the heart muscle isn’t getting enough o2. it causes a condition called ischemia
the most common cause of reduced blood flow to the heart muscles if coronary artery disease!!!
What is a normal ETCO2 values?
35-45mmHg
What happens in the body when the ETCO2 is less than 35mmHg?
hyperventilation/hypocapnia
too little CO2, expelling too much
LOW ETCO2 values
What happens in the body when the ETCO2 is MORE than 45mmhg??
Hypoventilation/hypercapnia
too much CO2, holding onto it
HIGH ETCO2 values
