Final Exam Review Flashcards
What are the 5 steps of scientific inquiry?
Identify problem
Form hypothesis
Test hypothesis
Collect and interpret results
Report results
The 6 major groups of food crops are:
Oil crops
Cereal crops
Fruit crops
Vegetable crops
Sugar crops
Roots and tubers
Besides human nutrition, plants are used for:
Medicine
Pleasure/ornamentals
Fuel
Fiber
Explain the difference between climate and weather.
Climate: weather patterns of any given area
Weather: the climate values at any given time
What factors effect climate?
Bodies of water
Mountains
Valleys
Temperature
Precipitation
Solar radiation
Wind direction and speed
Seasonal variation
What are the nine steps in the hydrologic cycle?
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Infiltration
Groundwater
Aquifer
Runoff
Accumulation
Discuss photoperiod in regard to short day, long day, and day neutral plants
Short day - only flower when the day length is shorter than the critical time length of plants
Long day - only flower when the day length is longer than the critical time length of plants
Day neutral - flower during any day length as long as other conditions are good
Describe the two different ways we irrigate crops
Overheads - where sprinklers hang over the crops and water them as it travels around the field
Flooding - water crops until standing water is noticeable around them
Chains of carbons linked together with H and O atoms
Carbohydrates
Carbon chains with H but no O atoms
Fatty acids
Carboxyl (OH attached to C) and amine (NH2)
Amino acids
Long chains of amino acids
Proteins
Soil is composed of what 4 components:
Solid
Organic
Liquid
Air
Water left after gravity has drained what it can is considered the:
Field capacity
What are the 5 factors for soil formation:
Parent material
Time
Topography
Biology
Climate
4 processes of chemical weathering are:
Dissolution - parent material dissolves
Hydration - molecular water is added to a compound to make it easier to pulverize
Hydrolysis - reaction with water to make a more soluble product
Oxidation - formation of oxides of parent material
Which soil horizon accumulates nutrients, fine particles from upper layer, has less organic material and some roots present
Horizon B
Which soil horizon is unweathered or slightly weathered and can include the accumulation of calcium carbonate and other salts
Horizon C
Which soil horizon contains most roots, largest amount of organic matter, permeable and dark color, and the area of greatest leaching
Horizon A
The pH range for most plants to grow lies between ______ and ______.
5 and 7
Briefly explain the cation exchange capacity and its importance to growing crops.
cation exchange capacity is the soil particles ability to hold and attract positively charged ions. It is important so farmers know what nutrients need to be added to the soil and at the wrong capacity the soil can have the nutrients but could not be available to plant
Thick proteinaceous liquid where organelles flow
Cytoplasm
Site of protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
Site of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
ATP production
Mitochondria
Genetic code
Nucleus
Storage reserve for water, salts, and other solutes
Vacuole
Protects cell and provides support for plant structure
Cell wall
Single layer around entire plant
Epidermis
Thin walled, under the epidermis, active in photosynthesis
Parenchyma
Thick walled, fibers, when die the empty cell remains
Sclerenchyma
Support tissue in young stems, petioles, and leaf veins
Collenchyma
Maturing stems, bark and potato skins, water proof cell wall, die but maintain shape
Cork
Conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to all parts
Xylem
Conducts food and metabolites throughout plant
Phloem
Three functions of roots are
Support and anchor
Absorb water and minerals
Photosynthate storage
Compare and contrast monocots and dicots
Monocots - parallel veins, long/slender blades, vascular bundles are scattered, petals in multiple of 3
Dicots - branched veins, broad shape, vascular bundles arranged in ring, petals in multiplied of 4 or 5
Horizontal growth underground
Rhizomes
Horizontal growth along ground
Stolon
Underground compressed stems
Corms
Compressed underground stems with many leaves attached
Bulbs
Underground enlarged fleshy stems
Tubers
Explain how water and nutrients travel through plant
Irreversible gain in volume or weight biomass, including height/length, volume, and surface are considered
Plant growth
______ complete their lifecycle in one growing season
Annuals
__________ have limited stem growth the 1st season, go dormant, then experience reproductive growth the 2nd season
Biennials
Woody type _________ root and shoot systems remain alive and shoots may go dormant during winter months
Perennials
What can be done to create short day light exposure during long days
Covering plants with a dark or black cloth to minimize exposure to light
Name 4 pollination agents
Bees/insects
Small animals
Wind
Water
Explain fertilization process in angiosperms
Pollen tube grows down through opening in ovule
Releasing two sperm nuclei (1N)
1 sperm nuclei joins with an egg forming 2N zygote
1 sperm nuclei joins with 2 polar nuclei forming 3N endosperm for food storage to help with zygote development
5 classes of plant hormones discussed are
Auxin
Gibberellins
Cytokinin
Ethylene
Abscisic acid
_______ cannot photosynthesize
Heterotrophs
___________ photosynthesize
Autotrophs
Explain the carbon cycle
Essential for life on earth
Solar energy is converted into carbohydrates through photosynthesis
Energy is released through respiration
Supports metabolism in organisms
Carbon is cycled and recycled in this process
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light yields 6C(H2O) + 6O2
What is the chemical equation for respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36P yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
Explain photosynthesis
Captures radiant energy
Energy is converted into carbohydrates - made up of C, H, and O from CO2 and H2O, Oxygen is released, Chemical bonds in carbohydrates are converted into radiant energy
Oxidized carbon is converted into reduced carbon
Energy is stored in CH2O bonds
Explain respiration
Breaking of carbohydrate bonds
Releasing energy, CO2, and H2O
Energy is released in a way that can drive metabolic reactions
Reduced carbon is converted into oxidized carbon
Similar to fossil fuel combustion, but combustion energy is released as heat or fire
Genotype vs phenotype
Genotype - genetic makeup of plant
Phenotype - physical appearance or behavior of plant
10 different asexual propagation methods
Apomictic
Cutting
Grafting
Budding
Layering
Runners
Suckers
Separating
Division
Micropropagation
Name 3 ways we test seed viability
Float
Cut
X-ray
Tetrazolium
Germination
Excised embryo
Scarification vs stratification
Scarification - rupturing the seed coat
Stratification - exposing moist seeds to chilling temperatures
Steps in germination
Absorption of water by seed
Activation of hormones and enzymes - breakdown of stored food, respiration decreases
Embryo growth and development - root/shoot axis grows, seed coat ruptures
Explain how plants are genetically engineered
Gene identified and clipped
Marker gene attached
Gene inserted into plasmid
Agrobacterium injects plasmid into cells of plant
