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Plant Science > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 steps of scientific inquiry?

A

Identify problem
Form hypothesis
Test hypothesis
Collect and interpret results
Report results

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2
Q

The 6 major groups of food crops are:

A

Oil crops
Cereal crops
Fruit crops
Vegetable crops
Sugar crops
Roots and tubers

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3
Q

Besides human nutrition, plants are used for:

A

Medicine
Pleasure/ornamentals
Fuel
Fiber

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4
Q

Explain the difference between climate and weather.

A

Climate: weather patterns of any given area
Weather: the climate values at any given time

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5
Q

What factors effect climate?

A

Bodies of water
Mountains
Valleys
Temperature
Precipitation
Solar radiation
Wind direction and speed
Seasonal variation

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6
Q

What are the nine steps in the hydrologic cycle?

A

Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Infiltration
Groundwater
Aquifer
Runoff
Accumulation

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7
Q

Discuss photoperiod in regard to short day, long day, and day neutral plants

A

Short day - only flower when the day length is shorter than the critical time length of plants
Long day - only flower when the day length is longer than the critical time length of plants
Day neutral - flower during any day length as long as other conditions are good

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8
Q

Describe the two different ways we irrigate crops

A

Overheads - where sprinklers hang over the crops and water them as it travels around the field
Flooding - water crops until standing water is noticeable around them

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9
Q

Chains of carbons linked together with H and O atoms

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

Carbon chains with H but no O atoms

A

Fatty acids

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11
Q

Carboxyl (OH attached to C) and amine (NH2)

A

Amino acids

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12
Q

Long chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

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13
Q

Soil is composed of what 4 components:

A

Solid
Organic
Liquid
Air

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14
Q

Water left after gravity has drained what it can is considered the:

A

Field capacity

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15
Q

What are the 5 factors for soil formation:

A

Parent material
Time
Topography
Biology
Climate

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16
Q

4 processes of chemical weathering are:

A

Dissolution - parent material dissolves
Hydration - molecular water is added to a compound to make it easier to pulverize
Hydrolysis - reaction with water to make a more soluble product
Oxidation - formation of oxides of parent material

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17
Q

Which soil horizon accumulates nutrients, fine particles from upper layer, has less organic material and some roots present

A

Horizon B

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18
Q

Which soil horizon is unweathered or slightly weathered and can include the accumulation of calcium carbonate and other salts

A

Horizon C

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19
Q

Which soil horizon contains most roots, largest amount of organic matter, permeable and dark color, and the area of greatest leaching

A

Horizon A

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20
Q

The pH range for most plants to grow lies between ______ and ______.

A

5 and 7

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21
Q

Briefly explain the cation exchange capacity and its importance to growing crops.

A

cation exchange capacity is the soil particles ability to hold and attract positively charged ions. It is important so farmers know what nutrients need to be added to the soil and at the wrong capacity the soil can have the nutrients but could not be available to plant

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22
Q

Thick proteinaceous liquid where organelles flow

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

Site of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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25
Q

ATP production

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

Genetic code

A

Nucleus

27
Q

Storage reserve for water, salts, and other solutes

A

Vacuole

28
Q

Protects cell and provides support for plant structure

A

Cell wall

29
Q

Single layer around entire plant

A

Epidermis

30
Q

Thin walled, under the epidermis, active in photosynthesis

A

Parenchyma

31
Q

Thick walled, fibers, when die the empty cell remains

A

Sclerenchyma

32
Q

Support tissue in young stems, petioles, and leaf veins

A

Collenchyma

33
Q

Maturing stems, bark and potato skins, water proof cell wall, die but maintain shape

A

Cork

34
Q

Conducts water and dissolved minerals from roots to all parts

A

Xylem

35
Q

Conducts food and metabolites throughout plant

A

Phloem

36
Q

Three functions of roots are

A

Support and anchor
Absorb water and minerals
Photosynthate storage

37
Q

Compare and contrast monocots and dicots

A

Monocots - parallel veins, long/slender blades, vascular bundles are scattered, petals in multiple of 3
Dicots - branched veins, broad shape, vascular bundles arranged in ring, petals in multiplied of 4 or 5

38
Q

Horizontal growth underground

A

Rhizomes

39
Q

Horizontal growth along ground

A

Stolon

40
Q

Underground compressed stems

A

Corms

41
Q

Compressed underground stems with many leaves attached

A

Bulbs

42
Q

Underground enlarged fleshy stems

A

Tubers

43
Q

Explain how water and nutrients travel through plant

A
44
Q

Irreversible gain in volume or weight biomass, including height/length, volume, and surface are considered

A

Plant growth

45
Q

______ complete their lifecycle in one growing season

A

Annuals

46
Q

__________ have limited stem growth the 1st season, go dormant, then experience reproductive growth the 2nd season

A

Biennials

47
Q

Woody type _________ root and shoot systems remain alive and shoots may go dormant during winter months

A

Perennials

48
Q

What can be done to create short day light exposure during long days

A

Covering plants with a dark or black cloth to minimize exposure to light

49
Q

Name 4 pollination agents

A

Bees/insects
Small animals
Wind
Water

50
Q

Explain fertilization process in angiosperms

A

Pollen tube grows down through opening in ovule
Releasing two sperm nuclei (1N)
1 sperm nuclei joins with an egg forming 2N zygote
1 sperm nuclei joins with 2 polar nuclei forming 3N endosperm for food storage to help with zygote development

51
Q

5 classes of plant hormones discussed are

A

Auxin
Gibberellins
Cytokinin
Ethylene
Abscisic acid

52
Q

_______ cannot photosynthesize

A

Heterotrophs

53
Q

___________ photosynthesize

A

Autotrophs

54
Q

Explain the carbon cycle

A

Essential for life on earth
Solar energy is converted into carbohydrates through photosynthesis
Energy is released through respiration
Supports metabolism in organisms
Carbon is cycled and recycled in this process

55
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light yields 6C(H2O) + 6O2

56
Q

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36P yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

57
Q

Explain photosynthesis

A

Captures radiant energy
Energy is converted into carbohydrates - made up of C, H, and O from CO2 and H2O, Oxygen is released, Chemical bonds in carbohydrates are converted into radiant energy
Oxidized carbon is converted into reduced carbon
Energy is stored in CH2O bonds

58
Q

Explain respiration

A

Breaking of carbohydrate bonds
Releasing energy, CO2, and H2O
Energy is released in a way that can drive metabolic reactions
Reduced carbon is converted into oxidized carbon
Similar to fossil fuel combustion, but combustion energy is released as heat or fire

59
Q

Genotype vs phenotype

A

Genotype - genetic makeup of plant
Phenotype - physical appearance or behavior of plant

60
Q

10 different asexual propagation methods

A

Apomictic
Cutting
Grafting
Budding
Layering
Runners
Suckers
Separating
Division
Micropropagation

61
Q

Name 3 ways we test seed viability

A

Float
Cut
X-ray
Tetrazolium
Germination
Excised embryo

62
Q

Scarification vs stratification

A

Scarification - rupturing the seed coat
Stratification - exposing moist seeds to chilling temperatures

63
Q

Steps in germination

A

Absorption of water by seed
Activation of hormones and enzymes - breakdown of stored food, respiration decreases
Embryo growth and development - root/shoot axis grows, seed coat ruptures

64
Q

Explain how plants are genetically engineered

A

Gene identified and clipped
Marker gene attached
Gene inserted into plasmid
Agrobacterium injects plasmid into cells of plant

Plant Science (1 decks)

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