Final Exam Review

Question 1

duality

Answer 1

meaningless elements and meaningful words

Question 2

displacement

Answer 2

talking beyond the here and now

Question 3

arbitrariness

Answer 3

no connection between sign and meaning

Question 4

discreteness

Answer 4

separable into discrete pieces

Question 5

productivity

Answer 5

endless combinations of words and phrases

Question 6

systematic

Answer 6

based on rules and regularities

Question 7

derivation

Answer 7

adding affixes to create new words

Question 8

compounding

Answer 8

combining two or more free morphemes

Question 9

clipping

Answer 9

shortening words

Question 10

acronym

Answer 10

initial letters pronounced as word

Question 11

initialism

Answer 11

initial letters pronounced as letters

Question 12

blending

Answer 12

combining sounds of different words

Question 13

backformation

Answer 13

one part of speech reduced to another

Question 14

functional shift

Answer 14

one word class to another, no form change

Question 15

semantic shift

Answer 15

extending meaning of word to new uses

Question 16

borrowing

Answer 16

from different language

Question 17

coinage

Answer 17

from names or invented

Question 18

derivational

Answer 18

change word into another word

Question 19

inflectional

Answer 19

change word to fit role in sentence

Question 20

8 inflectional morphemes

Answer 20

s, s, ‘s, ed, ed/en, ing, er, est

Question 21

constituent

Answer 21

grouping of words that functions as a unit

Question 22

substitution test

Answer 22

can sub group of words with pronoun/pro-verb

Question 23

movement test

Answer 23

constituents can be moved in phrase

Question 24

stand alone test

Answer 24

constituents can stand alone

Question 25

tautology

Answer 25

always true

Question 26

paraphrases

Answer 26

utterances that mean the same thing

Question 27

entailment

Answer 27

utterances that imply another

Question 28

contradictions

Answer 28

utterances that are always false

Question 29

referential meaning

Answer 29

word means the object it refers to

Question 30

sense

Answer 30

referent and other elements

Question 31

social meaning

Answer 31

convey information about identity of speaker and context

Question 32

affective meaning

Answer 32

feelings and thoughts about info

Question 33

agent

Answer 33

person or thing doing action

Question 34

patient

Answer 34

person or thing affected by action

Question 35

experiencer

Answer 35

person experiencing physical or mental sensation

Question 36

instrument

Answer 36

tool used by agent for action

Question 37

cause

Answer 37

natural force causing change of state

Question 38

recipient

Answer 38

person receiving something

Question 39

benefactive

Answer 39

person benefiting from an action

Question 40

locative

Answer 40

where action took place

Question 41

temporal

Answer 41

when action took place

Question 42

locution

Answer 42

actual utterance

Question 43

illocution

Answer 43

speaker intention

Question 44

perlocution

Answer 44

effect on listener

Question 45

representative

Answer 45

state of affairs

Question 46

commissive

Answer 46

commit speaker to action

Question 47

directive

Answer 47

get hearer to carry out an action

Question 48

declarative

Answer 48

bring about state they name

Question 49

expressive

Answer 49

indicate psychological state or attitude

Question 50

verdictive

Answer 50

make assessments or judgements

Question 51

hyponymy

Answer 51

hierarchical relationship between words

Question 52

meronymy

Answer 52

one word refers to thing part of another word's referents (part/whole)

Question 53

synonyms

Answer 53

words with similar meanings

Question 54

antonymy

Answer 54

words with opposite meanings

Question 55

converseness

Answer 55

reciprocal relationships

Question 56

homonymy

Answer 56

same pronunciation and spelling, different meaning

Question 57

polysemy

Answer 57

words with two conceptually related meanings

Question 58

sociolinguistics

Answer 58

study of language in human society

Question 59

register

Answer 59

conventional way of using language in specific context

Question 60

dialect

Answer 60

language variety used by a group of people

Question 61

determinants of speech situation

Answer 61

purpose, setting, participants