final exam review Flashcards
What was lacking in Walter Benjamin’s eyes through the use of mechanical reproduction was ____ that in which it could not be recreated through mechanical reproduction.
aura
Without the presence of its _____ the work loses that value that viewers feel when viewing the artwork.
time and space
What does photography do to the entire idea of art as its presence in time and space?
the art piece gets pulled away in favor of its ability to reproduce and be shown to the masses.
We shape our tools and our tools shape us.
mechanical bride
Electronics shrinks the world and gives us rapid access to information.
global village
Benefit of global village
We can compress time due to instantaneous connection across the globe.
- Speech is the primary mode of communication.
- The auditory medium dominates (speech and listening)
- There was no writing
Tribal era (Primary Orality)
- Corresponds with the invention of writing
- Restructuring of tribal lives
- Birth of categorical thought
- The visual medium takes dominance over speech and listening
Literacy Era (logical, linear thinking)
- Industrial revolution
- Mass production
- Visual medium is still dominant, and has become even deeper.
Print era (mechanization/mass industrialization)
- Retribalization: Media made it possible to have instantaneous connection to everyone around the world.
- Global village
Electronic era (electronic/digital media)
The study of human media interactions from the natural environment.
Media Ecology
The study of human media interactions from the natural environment.
Media Ecology
Humans have to adjust to unexpected ecological changes
Television was one of the biggest danger according to
The medium of television changes the family dynamic
Not the content, rather the form
The temperature of media affects the way we perceive things
Hot media: affects one sense to a very high degree. (ex. Radio, photos, print)
Cool media: affects multiple senses simultaneously, but at a much lower intensity. (ex. Abstract oil painting)
The Medium Is the Message
Has created a global village that allows us to view art from all around the world.
Digital media has democratized mechanical reproduction. Made the viewing process easier.
We have become dependent on our devices to the point we become numb.
Media’s Connection To Art
Responsible for post modernism to the public eye
Responsible for post modernism to the public eye
Jean Baudrillard
is deconstructionist social theory which is breakdown of grand narratives
Postmodernism
Grand narrative examples:
2 genders, marriage, there is a self
An object that we have attached a meaning to culturally. (ex. stop sign)
Sign
The shape of the sign
Signifier
meaning or idea attached to it
Signified
There is a self/the individual is sacred in structuralism
True
The mind is a realm of meaning
Structuralism
Inherent universal meanings that precede a text
Ie: “truth”
= Post-Structuralism
True or false
False
The self is a cultural construct = Post-Structuralism
True
- The mind is a realm of meaning
- The mind is created from interactions between symbolic beings
Post-Structuralism
2
Truth is subjective; languages create ‘reality’ = Structuralism
False
- Meaning is determined by social discourse and changes throughout history.
- Inherent universal meanings that precede a text
Ie: “truth”
which is post-structuralism
1
Believed that our society and cultural is built on a system of interconnected empty signs that are endlessly reproduced and commodified
Jean Baudrillard
Disneyland is presented as imaginary in order to make us believe that the rest is real
Jean Baudrillard
Bodhi tree allowed him to discover the middle path and reach enlightenment
Buddhism
life is suffering because of the impermanence of all things material
Duhkha
the cause of suffering is desire and because we desire permanence
Samudaya
the end of all suffering is the cessation of desire
Nirodha
there is an 8-fold path that leads to the cessation of desire.
Marga
duhkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, Marga
The Four Noble Truths
Didn’t portray Buddha himself, instead moments throughout his life.
Early buddhist structures
avoiding depiction of religious figures
Aniconism
Not heavily influenced by ancient greeks
Generally accepted version
Less western influence, more indian background
Walking middle path
Halo like mandora,
Elongated earlobes
Pronounced cranial protuberance
Urna tuft or dot between the eyes (third eye)
Mathuran Buddha
Chinese folklore deity
The laughing buddha
This is not Siddhartha Gautama
Budai
Lends itself somewhat to western art criticism because the artists will sign their work, unlike the buddhist art pieces.
Enzo is a circle in 1 or 2 brush strokes to represent enlightenment, the universe, perfection. When the circle is open, it represents imperfection.
Japanese Zen Painting
The lost unity between religion and the arts cannot be regained at will.
Adorno
Unity between art and religion only occurs in societies that are:
- Non-individualistic
- Hierarchical
- Closed
The idea of religion and the arts as being unified has always been problematic
It demonstrates desire for an idealized past that never actually existed.
Religion and the arts have always been in tension with one another.
This supposed unity was largely forced upon art
Adorno
It is futile to attempt to add spiritual meaning to art by reintroducing traditional religious forms void of their religious content.
True
To say that art should do anything is to place limits that will:
render the work empty
Market is very saturated with sameness.
Religious organizations have higher stakes because they are dealing with people’s souls
Death of the Artist
The renaissance era
The mid 18th century
The post war era of prosperity late 1940’s
The present era
4 significant paradigms of artist
Oil paintings
Serving a cultural elite
Artist follow a traditional artist trajectory
Artist at this time knew their place in society
The renaissance era
Capital AR
Art that commands large price tags
Emergence of capitalist market
Artists become independent
The mid 18th century
Had faciast and socialist ideals.
Was based on karl marx.
Base and the superstructure relationship took long to stabilize
Mechanical reproduction is a completely different form of reproduction
Benjamin said although it is an effective method of reproduction, it would soon be surpassed by photography
Motion photography and static photography were a milestone to how effective and easily reproduced art pieces are.
An original work of art was artistic because it was original
When art is reproduced, the copies create a separation from the original copy, creating aura.
Benjamin Walter
Refers to the image, representation or reproduction of a concrete other in which the very idea of the real is no longer the signified of which the simulacrum is the signified.
Simulacrum
the process whereby simulac
ra assume their function, belongs to what Baudrillard terms the ‘second order’:there is no anterior ‘real’ only coming into being through the cultural dissemination of images (such as those of advertising)or simulacra.
Simulation
the social belief in the importance of the destruction of icons and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons
Iconoclasm
assert that culture industry eradicates autonomous thinking and criticism, serving to preserve the reigning order. It provides easy entertainment which distracts massed from the wrongs and sickness of the ruling order.
culture industry
All products of the culture industry are designed for___
profit
every work of art is turned into a consumer product and is shaped by the logic of capitalist rationality
Adorno and Horkheimer
Culture industry provides easy entertainment which distracts massed from the wrongs and sickness of the ___
ruling order
autonomous art has the capacity to highlight the inequalities and irrationality of the status quo, by presenting an ideal vision of what mankind can aspire towards.
adorno’s solution
_____, Adorno argued, is only autonomous when it is not subject to specific demands and is not produced for any purpose other than its ‘functionlessness’
art
_____ comes from the challenge of decoding complex work and the intellectual stimulation that this provides.
Real happiness
open DOOR theory: ANYTHING can be art
Danto
Rembrandt was unique in his approach because
he made religious art affordable to everyday people`
(True/False) For Christian philosophers beauty was seen as an essential property go God, and was associated with truth and goodness.
true
Iconoclasm is seen as ironic because…
the destruction demonstrates the power of the image
The____ can be viewed as as a sacred doorway or passage.
minbar
____ has adopted a permanent state of aniconism.
islam
Why do a lot of famous iconographic pieces of art have unknown artists
to emphasize theological elements and to invite the presence of the divine, rather than draw attention to themselves as artists
Why does Islam remain Aniconistic?
Its almost insulting to God to put him in human form; seen as a form of idolatry
sort of indentation or niche in the wall (usually semi-circle) that functions to orient people towards Mecca
Myrab
really tall lighthouse where they play music 5 times a day to remind people to pray
- Tall spire with canonical top functioning as a visual to tell you where to walk to the mosk and serves as the destination of where the call to prayers come from
Minaret
stairs with pulpit on top that functions as a place where the Imam can lead prayer
Minbar
