Final Exam Review

Question 1

Elmina

Answer 1

fishing port on the south coast of Ghana, in West Africa known for its beaches and for its role in the former transatlantic slave trade

Question 2

Afonso I

Answer 2

sixth ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo who converted Kongo into a Catholic country

Question 3

the Battle of Adwa

Answer 3

ensured Ethiopia’s independence, becoming the only African country never to be colonised

Question 4

African National Congress

Answer 4

created to end apartheid and gain rights for non-white races

Question 5

Ujamaa

Answer 5

means “extended family”, “brotherhood”

Question 6

Muhammad Ali

Question 7

OAU

Answer 7

Organization of African Unity: promote unity among the African states and safeguard sovereignty

Question 8

Usman dan Fodio

Answer 8

Islamic religious teacher, revolutionary, and philosopher who founded the Sokoto Caliphate

Question 9

“Casablanca Group”

Answer 9

an association of African states who shared the same view of Pan-Africanism

Question 10

Samora Machel

Answer 10

first president of Mozambique

Question 11

Abd al-Qadir

Answer 11

Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French invasion in the early 19th century

Question 12

Lotha Von Trotha

Answer 12

German military commander who led a genocide in southwest Africa

Question 13

Sékou Touré

Answer 13

proclaimed Guinea’s independence thus becoming their first president

Question 14

Reconquista

Answer 14

a period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, spanning approximately 770 years

Question 15

Mfecane/Difaqane

Answer 15

a historical period of military conflict that enforced migration and changed Africa socially, politically, and demographically

Question 16

Maji Maji

Answer 16

meaning “sacred water”; a widespread interethnic rebellion in southern German East Africa

Question 17

Ellen Sirleaf Johnson

Answer 17

first female president of an African country who strived to heal ethnic tensions

Question 18

Oyo

Answer 18

powerful Yoruba empire; present-day Benin and Nigeria

Question 19

Ndongo

Answer 19

an early-modern African state, now Angola

Question 20

Mau Mau

Answer 20

a war in the British Kenya Colony between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army

Question 21

Idi Amin

Answer 21

military officer/president of Uganda; known for brutal regimes

Question 22

FLN

Answer 22

used violence in attempts to unify African states

Question 23

Middle Passage

Answer 23

where millions of enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade

Question 24

Olaudah Equiano

Answer 24

writer and abolitionist who himself was a slave

Question 25

Juvenal Habyarimana

Answer 25

Rwanda president who was assassinated on a plane

Question 26

Amilcar Cabral

Answer 26

early African author who also served as one of Africa’s foremost anti-colonial leaders

Question 27

John Chilembwe

Answer 27

Baptist pastor who led an uprising against British rule in 1915

Question 28

Sharpeville Massacre

Answer 28

police officers opened fire at peaceful protestors advocating against oppressive pass laws

Question 29

Dingiswayo

Answer 29

African chief who mentored Shaka Zulu, a great Zulu king

Question 30

Marcus Garvey

Answer 30

founder of the UNIA; declared himself Provisional President of Africa

Question 31

Samori Touré

Answer 31

Muslim reformer and military leader who founded a powerful kingdom in West Africa and resisted French colonial expansion in the late 19th century

Question 32

Arusha Declaration

Answer 32

sought to reduce the income inequality among all citizens and shift development efforts towards rural areas

Question 33

Robert Sobukwe

Answer 33

first president of the Pan Africanist Congress, advocating for an Africanist future in South Africa

Question 34

Tippu Tip

Answer 34

sold tens of thousands of people into bondage in the Arabian peninsula and beyond

Question 35

Kenneth Kaunda

Answer 35

first president of Zambia who fought for independence from British rule

Question 36

Ahmad al-Bashir

Answer 36

head of state of Sudan until he was accused of several crimes against humanity

Question 37

BRIC

Answer 37

a grouping acronym referring to the developing countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, which are identified as rising economic powers

Question 38

Hendrik Witbooi

Answer 38

led the Nama people against German colonial rule but was killed in action

Question 39

How did the Pan-African movement begin and why? What was its significance for the political developments on the African continent in the 20th century?

Answer 39

How: the African people were resistant to enslavement and colonization

Why: in response/opposition to European exploitation of the African continent

What: increased international awareness of racism/colonialism and laid the foundation for the political independence of African nations

Question 40

What and when was the Berlin Conference and how did it shape the history of modern Africa?

Answer 40

What: regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period at the same time Germany was rising in imperial power

When: November 1884

How: established the legal claim by Europeans that all of Africa could be occupied by whomever could take it

Question 41

What was the significance of the so-called “mineral revolution” in Southern African history?

Answer 41

kickstarted racial segregation and the control of white South Africans over lack South Africans

Question 42

Discuss the role of Islam in anti-colonial struggle in Africa. Give three examples.

Answer 42

1. established diplomatic exchanges with North African states
2. engaged contact with the Mediterranean world
3. caused the rebellions in Algeria and the Kaocen War in Niger

Question 43

Discuss the effect and influence of Christian missionaries in the 19th century in Africa. What role did they play in imperial developments on the continent?

Answer 43

Christianity was introduced to Africa when missionaries came from Europe. They used Christianity as justification on exploiting Africa. From there, they reformed African culture.

Question 44

When did Italy invade Ethiopia? Why and with what results?

Answer 44

When: 1896

Why: They wanted to conquer the land and boost Italian national prestige.

Results: Ethiopian forces won and forced the Italians off their land, saving themselves from colonization.

Question 45

What are differences between “direct” and “indirect” colonial rule?

Answer 45

Direct: subjects as citizens, have to live by European rule/standards
Indirect: subjects under hierarchies of power, more freedom/involvement in government

Question 46

Explain the rise of African nationalism after World War II. What were some of the other impacts of the first and second world wars on the Continent?

Answer 46

Following WWI, African colonies gained freedom from countries such as Germany, but they also suffered economically as the prices paid for their primary goods decreased.
However, WWII was the basis of nationalism for Africa as they gained political independence and freedom.

Question 47

Kwame Nkrumah coined the term “neo-colonialism” to describe conditions on the African continent after independence. What did he mean?

Answer 47

He means it as an attempt to completely wipe out colonialism and capitalism. In other words, it is against direct colonial rule.

Question 48

What does “underdevelopment” mean? How does it apply to modern Africa and what are some of its contemporary effects and manifestations?

Answer 48

“Underdevelopment” happens when the economic state and standard of living is low. With poverty, lack of educational opportunities, violence, and hunger, Africa today is considered an underdeveloped nation.

Question 49

Why was Mu’ammar al-Qadhdhafi overthrown and assassinated?

Answer 49

On the outside, it seemed he was killed for crimes against humanity. His death was to prevent anymore offenses from being committed. However, many say that he actually wanted “real independence”, and his ways were simply misunderstood.

Question 50

Discuss the role of the military in contemporary African politics. Give two examples.

Answer 50

1. take on military coup attempts to regain territory
2. counter transnational threats to respond to crises and promote stability

Question 51

What was the “Arab Spring”? What were some of the historical and political economic factors behind these movements?

Answer 51

The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s, starting from Tunisia. It started because the economic state of Africa was corrupt and stagnant.

Question 52

Why do you think Patrice Lumumba’s appeals to the United Nations received little support?

Answer 52

He became very irrational and was even blamed for causing the nation to dive headfirst into civil war. He lost much of his credibility following his depleting reputation.

Question 53

Who came up the policy known as Ujamaa? What does it mean and what was its historical and political significance?

Answer 53

Who: President Nyerere

Meaning: “familyhood”, even “African socialism”

Significance: It brought people of Africa together in order to bring a stop to colonialism. It united nations and rid the African peoples of division.

Question 54

How have relations between China and the African continent changed from the 1970s to the present? What are some of the implications for the future?

Answer 54

China and Africa have since become great trading partners, trade increasing by 700% in the 1990s. In the future, it seems that Africa will have access to much of China’s manufacturing and trade goods, as China’s booming economy will help Africa find their way out of underdevelopment, especially in a world that is so technological and innovative and will likely only get more advanced.

Question 55

List 3 ways nationalism affected Africa politically, economically, and in their overall development.

Answer 55

1. Africa was united against European domination
2. “Re-education” was promoted to bring back factors of their culture (e.g. food, dance, music, architecture); new identity
3. Emphasized industrialization (e.g. trade)