FINAL EXAM - REVIEW Flashcards
Some Major complications of NORA
Unintended patient Awareness (Gastroenterologic locations)
Anaphylaxis
Need to upgrade of care
SERIOUS hemodynamic instability
Central and peripheral venous access
Vascular access related complications
Wrong patient and wrong site
Fall or burn
NORA: Minor complications in order of frequency
PONV
Inadequate pain control
Hemodynamic instability
Post dural puncture
Complications related to central and IV lines
Principles of Radiation safety include
Time, distance, and shielding
Occupational exposure to radiation can be minimized by the “4 D’s” strategy.
1) Limit the Duration of exposure.
(2) Increase the Distance from source (the inverse square law)
(3) Use protective shielding such as lead-lined garments or protective shields-Deflect the radiation.
(4) Use a Dosimeter to monitor exposure.
Life time radiation exposure
50 mSv in any 1 year and a lifetime limit of 10 mSv multiplied by the individual’s age in years.
STAFF to monitor their cumulative exposure to radiation
Individual dosimeter badges
Since X-rays obey the inverse square law, the minimum recommended distance from an X-ray source is
6 feet.
Dye Hypersensitivity reactions Tx – supportive, stop dye, fluids, pressors, O2, intubate if needed,
supportive, stop dye, fluids, pressors, O2, intubate if needed
Immediate reactions seen with IV contrast
Pruritus
Urticaria
Angioedema
Abd pain, nausea, diarrhea
rhinitis
Hoarseness
cough
Dyspnea (Bronchospasm, laryngeal edema)
Resp arrest
Hypotension, CV shock
cardiac arrest
Nonimmediate reactions with IV contrast
Pruritus
Exanthemia
Urticaria , Angioedema
Stevens Johnson syndrome
Graft vs host reaction
TWO main reactions possible with IV contrast?
The patient is scheduled or Computed Tomography (CT) scan with intravenous contrast media (ICM). What is your main concern?
HYPERSENSITIVIY reactions, ALLERGIC REACTION. Contrast can cause anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions. Renal dysfunction is possible. Patients at risk or reaction to ICM include asthmatics, numerous comorbidities, and allergic reaction
Renal adverse reaction and hypersensitivity reactions.
What indicates contrast induced nephropathy?
Contrast-induced nephropathy, Cr of 0.5mg/dL, or a 25% increase from baseline within 48-72 hours
The patient is scheduled or Computed Tomography (CT) scan with intravenous contrast media (ICM). What is your main concern?
HYPERSENSITIVIY reactions, ALLERGIC REACTION. Contrast can cause anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions. Renal dysfunction is possible. Patients at risk or reaction to ICM include asthmatics, numerous comorbidities, and allergic reaction
HYPERSENSITIVIY reactions
ALLERGIC REACTION. Contrast can cause anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions. Renal dysfunction is possible. Patients at risk or reaction to ICM include asthmatics, numerous comorbidities, and allergic reaction
What physiological changes should be expected in the patient receiving radio contrast Media?
(1) Systemic hypertension resulting from increased intravascular volume secondary to increased plasma osmolality;
(2) hypotension due to hypovolemia caused by an osmotic diuresis;
(3) osmotic diuresis (high volume urine output)
(4) nausea, vomiting and urticaria;
ACT in radiology : parameters
2-3x pt’s baseline and keep it there using heparin 50IU/kg (usually 5000)
For most interventional neuroradiologic procedures, arterial access is gained how?
using a 6 or 7 French gauge sheath via the femoral or, rarely, the carotid or axillary artery.
Meds to avoid in sphincter of Oddi procedures
Atropine, glycopyrrolate, glucagon , opioids.
AC for interventional radiologic procedures to prevent thromboembolism.
Anticoagulation is required during and up to 24 hours after
The normal ACT value is approximately ______
80 to 120 seconds
The ACT is measured when?
3 to 5 minutes after heparin administratio
Polar bonds
Betwen where some + & - connect and other parts of molecule repel
Covalent bond – sharing of electrons
sharing of electrons
Ionic bond – complete transfer of electrons
complete transfer of electrons
Van de Walls
Weakest forces between same type molecules
