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Biology 110 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell membranes are made up of…

A

Phospholipids, a type of lipid

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2
Q

Cell Walls are made up of…

A

Cellulose, a carbohydrate

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3
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes and the Rough ER

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4
Q

Where are Lipids made?

A

The Smooth ER

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5
Q

DNA is stored and made up of…

A

Stored in the nucleus and is a nucleic acid

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6
Q

RNA is used in and made up of…

A

A nucleic acid and is used in protein synthesis

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7
Q

mRNA

A

carries the genetic code from nucleus to ribosomes

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8
Q

tRNA

A

brings the amino acids which link together to bulid protein

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9
Q

Reasons for Mitosis

A

Growth, Repair, and Asexual Reproduction

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10
Q

Mitosis involves…

A

involves one parent

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11
Q

Mitosis produces…

A

two identical daughter cells that are diploid (two copies of each gene) with 46 chromosomes

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12
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Interphase-Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase-Cytoinesis

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13
Q

Interphase

A

DNA and organelles are copied/replicated

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14
Q

Prophase

A

DNA is wound up unro chromosomes, centriloes move to opposite side of the cell, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart to the opposite ends of the cell

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17
Q

Telophase

A

Cleavage furrow (animal cells) form and nuclei are formed

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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell splits

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19
Q

Meiosis only occurs to produce…

A

sex cell or gametes (male=sperm, females=eggs)

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20
Q

Gametes only have…

A

one copy of each gene are called haploid (half DNA, 23 chromosomes)

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21
Q

Meiosis produces…

A

four uniques daughter cells that are haploid, due to crossing-over

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22
Q

When a male and female gamete combine…

A

via fertilization and a diploid zygote is made (one gene from each parent)

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23
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in each cell?

A

23 pairs or 46 chromosomes

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24
Q

Who was the father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel, using pea plants

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25
Q

Mendel’s Three Laws

A
  1. two genes for each trait
  2. one gene from each parent
  3. dominatnt beats recessive
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26
Q

23rd chromosomes in humans are…

A

sex chromosomes (xx=female xy=male)

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27
Q

Genotype

A

letter or gene you have for a trait (TT Tt tt)

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28
Q

Phenotypr

A

how genes make you look (ex: brown hair, normal height)

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29
Q

Homozygous

A

has 2 sets of the same genes for a trait (TT or tt)
Homozygous Dominant: 2 dominant genes (TT)
Homozygous Recessive: 2 recessive genes (tt)

30
Q

• Heterozygous

A

has 2 different genes for a trait (Tt)

31
Q

Sex-Linked Traits

A

gene on X chromosome, show it raised (as an exponent)

Blood types are also genetic and can be predicted

32
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of the gene (ex: T or t)

33
Q

Blood Type A

A

AA, Ao

34
Q

Blood Type B

A

BB or Bo

35
Q

Blood Type AB

A

AB (codomiance)

36
Q

Blood Type O

A

oo

37
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

38
Q

The structure of DNA was discovered by

A

Watson and Crick

39
Q

DNA is the shape of

A

a double helix ( which is a spiral staircase or twisted ladder)

40
Q

In eukaryotes, DNA is stored in the

A

nucleus

41
Q

DNA is made up of

A

repeating nucleotides

Each nucleotide is made up of deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.

42
Q

The four nitrogen bases in DNA are

A

adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
A pairs with T
G pairs with C

43
Q

DNA Replication is where

A

DNA copies itself

44
Q

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A

DNA → mRNA → PROTEIN

45
Q

RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is made of

A

ribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

46
Q

The four nitrogen bases in RNA are

A

adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
A pairs with U
G pairs with C

47
Q

The four nitrogen bases in RNA are

A

adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
A pairs with U
G pairs with C

48
Q

In protein synthesis, DNA cannot leave the nucleus. A type of RNA, called Messenger RNA, (mRNA), is

A

a copy of the DNA code that leaves the nucleus and is carried to the ribosome, where protein is made. The process where the mRNA is made in the nucleus is called transcription.

49
Q

Every 3 nitrogen bases or letters on an mRNA molecule is called a

A

codon.

Every codon codes for one amino acid.

50
Q

Once at the ribosome, the mRNA codons tell the cell

A

what amino acids are needed to make a protein. This is called translation.

51
Q

Another type of RNA known as Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

carries amino acids to the ribosomes

52
Q

The protein that is made from the DNA code determines

A

a person’s physical appearance, or phenotype

53
Q

What do you use to determine amino acids

A

mRNA

54
Q

The father of Evolution

A

Charles Darwin

55
Q

Natural Selection

A

describes that an organism best adapted to its environment will be most successful (the survival of the fittest)

56
Q

Common Ancestor

A

All living things on this planet share a common ancestor. There are several ways this can be proven (anatomy and dna)

57
Q

Anatomy

A

animals with similar anatomy may be closely related

58
Q

DNA

A

animals with similar DNA may share a common ancestor

59
Q

KINGDOM: Archaebacteria

A
  • Live in extreme environments

* PROKARYOTIC cells

60
Q

KINGDOM: Eubacteria

A
  • Normal, or common bacteria

* PROKARYOTIC cells

61
Q

KINGDOM: Protista

A

• Usually unicellular, eukaryotic cells
• Algae (plant like), protozoa (animal like),
and slime molds (fungus like).

62
Q

KINGDOM: Fungi

A
  • Molds, fungi, mushrooms;
  • DECOMPOSERS
  • HETEROTROPHS
63
Q

KINGDOM: Plants

A

Green, Chloroplasts, photosynthesis, producer, EUKARYOTIC cells, multicellular

64
Q

KINGDOM: Animals

A

• Need oxygen, cellular respiration, multicellular, EUKARYOTIC cells

65
Q

father of taxonomy

A

Linnaeus

66
Q

Taxonomy

A

the classification of organisms into groups by similarities

67
Q

7 Taxonomic Branches

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Keep Pretty Clean or Feet Get Smelly)

68
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

every animal has a two part name: genus and species

69
Q

Scientific Name

A

Genus species (ex: Homo sapiens)

70
Q

Poriferae

A

a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals that comprises the sponges.

71
Q

Cnidarian

A

an aquatic invertebrate animal of the phylum, which comprises the coelenterates.

72
Q

Arthropods

A

an invertebrate animal of the large phylum, such as an insect, spider, or crustacean.

Biology 110 (2 decks)

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