Final Exam Review Flashcards
Non-verbal communication
The transmission of messages or signals through a non-verbal platform, such as body language, facial expressions, posture, and eye contact
Verbal communication
The use of words, written or spoken, to convey a message. This includes the words you choose and how you say them.
Prosody
The intonation, stress patterns, loudness variations, pausing, and rhythm of speech
Timbre
How warm, smooth, and rich your voice sounds
Inflection
Changing the tone or pitch of the voice to convey a more precise meaning for words or provide an insight into feelings
Analogical persuasion
Allowing an audience to reach a conclusion on their own by using an analogy
Analogical reasoning
Finding a common relational system between two situations or examples. When this system is found, then what is known about one situation can be applied to another similar situation.
Articulation
The clarity of sounds and words produced
Enunciation
Pronouncing words clearly and distinctly
Refutation
Anticipating opposition, addressing the tensions between the two sides, and refuting them using evidence
Audience-centeredness
Building your speech or presentation around the audience’s interests, values, and experience
Co-Active Approach
- Establish identification and goodwill early
- Start with areas of agreement
- Emphasize Explanation
- Cite Authorities that the Audience Respects
- Set Modest Goals
- Compare your Position with Others
Commemorative Speech
A presentation given to pay tribute to a person, a group of people, an organization, or in honor of an event of situation that has taken place. The speech highlights why the subject is important.
Comparative Advantages Order
A method for organizing persuasive speeches in which each main points explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is more preferable than other proposed solutions
Connotative Meaning
Ideas, feelings, and emotions associated with a word or phrase
Demagogues
Political speakers who try to inflame feelings without regard to the accuracy or reason of their claims. They seek support by appealing to the desires of ordinary people rather than using rational arguments
Denotative Meaning
The literal dictionary definition of a word
Emphatic Listening
A structured listening and questioning technique that allows you to develop and enhance relationships with a stronger understanding of what is being conveyed. Listen to what the person has to say. Encourage the speaker to continue with their message by interjecting summary responses; reflect their emotions like a mirror.
Mehrabian Theory of Communication
55%: body language and non-verbal communication
38%: voice and tone
7%: words
Physiognomy
Decoding a speaker’s emotion by their facial features and expressions
Gesticulation
Moving your body in a way that reinforces and accompanies a verbal message
Point of Information (POI)
Short points of rebuttal posed as questions during a speech made by a speaker from the opposing side. It allows speakers to engage with one other’s arguments throughout the debate and challenges an opponent’s point(s). Answering POIs is a great way to showcase your abilities, understanding of your argument, and the strength of your argument.
Kairos
The opportune moment. People are more persuaded at specific times and places.
Logos
The logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning. Use statistics and facts.
Ethos
The appeal to credibility. This is a speaker’s way of establishing trust with the audience. Show good character, cite sources, show connection to an audience, honesty, and expertise.
Pathos
The appeal to emotion. Think about what emotion you are trying to evoke in your audience.
Crescendo Ending
A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity. The speaker builds up on the type of power that the speech is portraying and ends it on this particular note.
Derived Credibility
How the audience judge a speaker’s credibility and trustworthiness during a speech. This is based on the perception of a speaker’s presentation style, language, appearance, etc.
Emergent Leader
When a group member is not appointed or elected as a leader, but rather that person steps up as the leader over time within group interactions.
Encoding Process
Taking an idea or mental image, associating that image with words, and then speaking those words in order to convey or message
Extemporaneous Speech
A well-prepared speech that relies on research, clear organization, and practice delivery. It is neither read nor memorized, for solely relies on speech notes.
Fallacy
An error in reasoning. It is a persuasive appeal that contains logical holes or poor use of evidence.
Inclusive Language
Language that allows all audience members to see themselves reflected fairly and meaningfully in the content of the speech. It aims to make all listeners feel fairly represented in the language of the speech.
Jargon
Words that are unique to a specific culture or organization that may not be understood by individual outside of that culture or the general public.
Manuscript Speech
The speech is written, and the speaker reads it word for word to the audience. It preserves accuracy.
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action (ANSVA)
Optimum Pitch
The level at which people can produce their strongest voice with minimal effort and allows variation up and down the musical scale. It produces a rich and pure tone where the muscles of the voice function at their best to produce an ideal quality of voice with natural projection,
Substance vs. Style
Style is the way in which a speech is constructed and presented, while substance refers to the content and message of the speech. The message and purpose of the speech are more important than the way in which it is presented (though style does have its importance as well).
Vocalized Pause
A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh,” “er,” “um,” etc.
Pitch
Finding vocal variety in your speaking voice. Changes in pitch evoke attentive listening from an audience as well as better convey the emotion and feeling associated with a word or phrase. A voice that lacks variety is described as monotone.
Extemporaneous Style
A mixture between the impromptu style and the memorized style. The speech usually is written with keynotes for reference, many parts of the speech have been pre-rehearsed, words are pre-chosen, and the speaker should only spend 5% of the time looking at notes.
Informative Speech
A speaker aims to provide information about a specific subject to an audience. The speaker helps their audience understand and remember the information they present.
Persuasive Speech
A speech designed to change or reinforce the audience’s attitudes, beliefs, or actions
Resolution
The topic being debated
Definition
Interpretations of the resolution made by the affirmative/proposition team
Rebuttal
The contradiction of the definition by the opposition/negative team
Rhetorical Appeal
Qualities of an argument that truly make it persuasive: logos, ethos, pathos, and kairos
Summary (Debate)
- Concluding speech on each side
- Elaborates on points and the flaws in the opponent’s points
- No new information
- Make the opposing team’s argument seem weaker
Judge
Provides feedback to the debaters and decides who wins
Moderator
In charge of the speaking times of the debate
What is crucial while delivering your argument (debate)
- Eye contact with judges and audience members
- Speak confidently
- Speak clearly with appropriate pacing and volume
- Non-verbal commmunication
Debate Etiquette
- Share earnest perspective (think about WHY people think the way they do. Embrace differences and control temperament)
- Keen listening and illustrate objectivity
- It is not just about feelings, it is what you know about the topic and how you can use credibility/validity to support your claims
- Humanity and empathy when debating controversial topics
- Be respectful of others
- Don’t talk out of turn or interrupt an opponent
- Do not falsify or distort evidence
- Respect the judge’s decision about the winner
Depth of Knowledge Levels (DOK)
Level 1: Recall and Reproduction
Level 2: Skills and Concepts/Explain
Level 3: Strategic Thinking/Why can the Knowledge be Used
Level 4: Extended Thinking/Generate, Solve, Create
Style
A great speech must be masterfully constructed. The best orators are masters of both the written and spoken word and use words to create texts that are both beautiful to hear and read.
Substance
A speech may be flowery and charismatically presented and yet lack any true substance at all. Great oratory must center on a worthy theme. It must appeal to and inspire the audience’s finest values and ideas.
Impact
Great oratory always seeks to persuade the audience of some fact or idea. The very best speeches change hearts and minds seem revelatory several decades or centuries as when they were first given.
Inflection/Intonation
The way speakers adjust the pitch of their voice to convey meaning. It may reveal a speaker’s emotions or differentiate between a question and a statement.
Poise
Calm, balanced, and confident
Elocution
The skill of clear and expressive speech
