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Health Psychology > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Pain

A

an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissues damage, or described in terms of such damage

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2
Q

Severe & prolonged pain can impair:

A

General functioning
Ability to work
Social relationships
Emotional adjustment

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3
Q

Social & Economic effects

A

Headache, back and joint pain are common causes of work absence and disability in North America, costs $$$$ in loot productivity, treatment and disability payments

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4
Q

Organic Pain

A

Clearly linked to tissue pressure or damage

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5
Q

Psychogenic Pain

A

Pain with no tissue damage, could result from psychological processes

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6
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

results from current or past disease or damage in peripheral nerves

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7
Q

Pain as a continuum

A

Both physiological and psychosocial factors play a role in pain - involves organic and psychogenic causes

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8
Q

Acute Pain

A

temporary painful conditions that last less than 3 months - higher than normal levels of anxiety while the pain exists but distress subsides as pain decreases

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9
Q

Chronic-recurrent pain

A

From benign causes & involves repeated and intense episode of pain separated by periods w/o pain

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10
Q

Chronic-intractable-benign pain

A

Typically present all the time, varying levels of intensity, not related to underlying condition

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11
Q

Chronic-progressive pain

A

Continuous discomfort associated with malignant condition, becomes more intense as condition worsens

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12
Q

Nociception

A

Process by which info about actual tissue damage or potential for damage is relayed to brain
Neural encoding - pain is subjective experience (not the same)

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13
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus/origin - result of a network interconnection sensory nerves

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14
Q

Phantom limb pain

A

Although the limb is gone, the nerve endings at the site of the amputation continue to send pain signals to the brain that make the brain think the limb is still there

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15
Q

The role of pain

A

alert the body to potential damage; through nocicpetion, the neural processing of harmful stimuli

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16
Q

Gate-control theory of pain

A

Conditions that open the gate:

  • Physical cognitions (extent of injury)
  • Emotional conditions (anxiety, depression)
  • Mental conditions (focusing on pain, boredom)

Conditions that close the gate:

  • Physical (medication)
  • Emotional (positive, rest)
  • Mental (distraction, concentration)
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17
Q

Rene Descartes - Pain

A

The intensity of the message is directly proportionate to the severity of the injury - inaccurate

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18
Q

Perceiving Pain

A

Body sense pain in response to noxious stimuli - physical pressure, lacerations, heat or cold
Includes emotional component
Interplay of physiological and psychological processes

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19
Q

Meaning of Pain

A

Some believe individuals come to like pain through classical conditioning - by participating or viewing activities that associate pain with pleasure

Most people are conditioned to fear pain

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20
Q

Neurochemical transmission & inhibition of pain

A

Stimulation-produced analgesia

Endogenous opioids

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21
Q

Personal & Social Experiences - Pain

A

Learning & pain

Pain Behaviours

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22
Q

Pain Behaviours

A
  • Facial or audible distress
  • Distorted ambulation or posture
  • negative affect
  • Avoidance
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23
Q

Social Experiences & Pain

A
  • Social communication model of pain
  • Communal coping model of pain catastrophizing
  • Gender & socio-cultural factors
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24
Q

Emotions, coping and pain

A
  • Emotions and pain
  • Stress and pain
  • Coping with pain
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25
Q

Canada Health Act

A

Canadian act, provinces determine own policies, extended health care

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26
Q

Perceiving & Interpreting Symptoms

A

Perception of symptoms vary across people & differentiations within the same person across the time

  • Individual differences
  • Competing environmental stimuli
  • Psychosocial influences (pshycogenic illness)
  • Gender & sociocultural differences
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27
Q

Individual Differences

A

-Having more symptoms
-Differing in experience of same symptom: almost all people have a uniform threshold for pain but differentiations in their tolerance fo pain (some notices changes more quickly)
Internally focused people tend to overestimate changed and perceive recovery as slower

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28
Q

Completing Environmental Stimuli

A

Environments that contain a lot of sensory info or which are exciting are negatively related to symptom reporting
Boredom increases symptoms reporting

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29
Q

Psychosocial Influences

A

Expectations influence symptom perception
Interaction of cognitive, social and emotional factors

Mass psychogenic illness: may involves a range of neurological symptoms, from movement disorder to blindness but no physical explanations

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30
Q

Gender Differences in Pain

A

Women report lower discomfort at lower stimulus intensities and request termination of painful stimuli sooner than men

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31
Q

Cultural Differences in Pain

A

Different cultures reinforce symptom experiences and symptom reporting behaviour

Asians report more physical symptoms w psychological bases

America pain patients report more impairment

African American heart arrack patent symptoms are less typical and delay getting treatment longer

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32
Q

Interpreting Symptoms

A

Prior experience with an illness may increase or decrease accuracy or interpretation

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33
Q

Common Sense Models

A

Cognitive representations of illness developed through direct experience or from available info about illness

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34
Q

Lay referral network

A

before many people seek medical attention they seek advice from friends, relatives or coworkers

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35
Q

Why people use/don’t use health services

A

Social & emotional factors

  • emotional states: embarrassment, anxiety
  • seeking help seen as sign of weakness
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36
Q

Doctor-Centered Interaction

A
  • Questions requiring brief answers
  • Focus on initial problem while ignoring other issues
  • Focused on link between problem & organic cause
37
Q

Patient-Centered Interaction

A
  • Open ended questions
  • Opportunities for client to introduce new facts
  • Avoid medical jargon
  • Patient participation
38
Q

Compliance

A

giving in to a request or demand

39
Q

Adherence

A

suggest a collaborative nature of treatment

40
Q

Communicating with patients

A

Adherence depends on good communication on the behalf of the practitioner

Patients of patient-centered physicians are more likely to adhere to advice

41
Q

Depersonalization

A
  • Stress
  • Hectic schedules
  • To deal w emotions

Psychosocial & physical exhaustion that results from chronic exposure to high levels of stress w little personal control

42
Q

Psychosocial Components of Burnout

A

Emotional exhaustion (commonly reported)
Depersonalization
Perceived inadequacy of professional accomplishment
More time spent in direct care of patients –> greater risk of EE

43
Q

Reducing Burnout

A

Provide opportunities to mix direct care w other tasks
Establish support groups
Training in stress management & coping methods

44
Q

Adjustment to Injury/Illness

A

Physical
Psychosocial
Activities of Daily Living
Overall Quality of life

45
Q

Adjustment to Hospitalization

A

Emotional adjustment
Taking on the patient role
Cognitive coping
- blaming others lead to poorer adjustment

46
Q

3 themes to cognitive adjustment

A
  1. finding meaning in illness
  2. gaining a sense of control over illness
  3. restring self-esteem, sometimes by comparing themselves with less fortunate people

social support can impact adjustment

47
Q

Early concern following diagnosis

A

Mortality is the main issue
patients show optimism but tentative future plans
Coping often switches from avoidance to problem focused approached

48
Q

Developing Regular Activities

A

Activities provide respite from thinking about conditions

patients may over-estimate abilities & become discouraged

49
Q

Family/supporter dynamics

A

a cycle of dependence can emerge due to patient helplessness & family nurturance

50
Q

Adapting in Recurrence or relapse

A

Perceived as bad sign

patients tend to use similar coping strategies but may be less hopeful

51
Q

Grief & Bereavement

A

Bereavement is the start elf having lost someone through death

Grief is the characteristic feeling

Morning is the expression of those

52
Q

5 Stages of Grief *

A

Denial (Not to me, this isn’t real)

Anger (why me, its not fair)

Bargaining (just let me live to see …)

Depression (what’s the point)

Acceptance (its going to be ok)

53
Q

Adapting to bereavement

A

Everyone adjusts at their own rate
Spousal grief is similar before & after death, greater for middle age, men adjust poorer than women, younger men worse than older
Sudden deaths - difficult to adjust

54
Q

Patterns of Grief

A 
Resilient
Recovered
Chronic
Delayed
-Little neg. emotion is not an indication of maladjustment (as long as it is not avoidance)
55
Q

Adjusting when a child die

A

death of child may result in years of grieving

surviving siblings need special attention, not uncommon for them to show little grief

56
Q

Individual therapy & support

A

group discussion & role playing

Systematic desensitization

57
Q

Long-term adjustment

A

build new lives w social support
serving spouses receive attention, eventually this changes & they return to life
Some never adjust but enriching lives can be built

58
Q

Cancer

A

Disease of the cells characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation that usually forms a malignant neoplasm

59
Q

Carcinomas

A

Develop in epithelial tissues around internal organs (breast, lung)

60
Q

Sarcomas

A

soft tissue or bone tutors (muscles, nerves, bones, connective tissue)

61
Q

Lymphomas

A

Lymph gland (HD & NHL)

62
Q

Leukemias

A

White blood cells- named after specific type of cell affected (myeloid or lymphoid ) and acuity (acute or chronic)

63
Q

Canadian Stats

A

43% of Canadians will be diagnosed w cancer in their lifetime
4 most frequently diagnosed cancers (lung, breast, colorectal and prostate cancers) are expected to account for 46% of all cancers diagnosed in 2021
Incidence: Types of Cancer
Prostate, breast, lung and colorectal – together are expected to account for more than half (52%) of all cancers diagnosed in Canada

64
Q

Risk Factors

A 
Smoking
Eating habits
Weight/obesity
Physical inactivity
Ultraviolet radiation
Carcinogens
Infections
65
Q

Cancer Care Continuum

A 
Pre diagnosis screening
Diagnosis
Treatment
Post-Treatment
Recurrence
Palliation
Grief
66
Q

Oncology

A

Study of the human side of cancer experience

Psychosocial oncology addresses the psychological, social and behavioural dimensions

  • psychological responses of patients & families
  • Social & behavioural issues
67
Q

Psychosocial impact of cancer

A

remission, site of cancer, close relationships

68
Q

Psychosocial interventions for cancer

A

Coping interventions, mindfulness-based stress reduction

69
Q

Program based on concept of “Mindfulness”:

A

Developing awareness of all that is happening in the present moment, without judgment or evaluation

70
Q

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction

A

MBSR decreases stress symptoms
MBSR decreases evening cortisol levels
Associated with mean daily cortisol decreases over one year
May affect cytokine regulation
Decreases systolic blood pressure in those with higher initial levels

71
Q

Exercise: Survival Benefits

A

Breast, colon and prostate cancer studied to date
Significantly reduced risk of cancer recurrence
Significantly reduced risk of cancer-mortality
Significantly reduced risk of all- cause mortality

72
Q

Psychological Benefits: Exercise Intervention

A

Improved: Body image, self-esteem, coping skills and quality of life, social support… extends to family

Reduced: Perceived stress, anxiety and depression

73
Q

Thrive Center

A

Free exercise facility for cancer survivors and support
Volunteer operated
60-80 volunteers
>350 participants
Fitness testing and prescription certified exercise

74
Q

BEAUTY Program

A

12 Week exercise intervention + 12 week maintenance.
Breast cancer survivors on treatment.
Funded externally, free for participants

75
Q

ENHANCE

A

Randomized controlled trial
Head/neck cancer survivors
12-week exercise intervention

76
Q

PEER Program

A

Community based program
Children’s activities
Kids Cancer Care Network
ACTIVE Recovery

77
Q

Psychosocial interventions

A

Psychosocial interventions effective for improving distress, anxiety, depression, coping, symptom control, quality of life
Mixed evidence for the effect of psychosocial interventions on survival (very controversial!)

78
Q

Goals for Health Psychology

A

Enhancing illness prevention and treatment
- Advances in research and technology
Improving efforts for helping patients cope Identifying evidence-based interventions and cost-benefit ratios
Expanding psychologists’ roles in medical settings
Empowerment of health

79
Q

Issues and Controversies

A

Environment, health, and psychology
- The growing role of climate change in human health
Quality of life
Ethical issues in healthcare
- Technology and medical decisions
- Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia
Expanding definitions of health

80
Q

Future Focuses in Health Psychology

A

Lifespan health and illness

  • From conception to adolescence
  • Adulthood and old age
  • Caregiving

Sociocultural factors in health

Gender differences and women’s health issues

Mental Health

81
Q

Novel drug therapies for treatment-resistant depression

A

⅓ of those suffering from depression do not respond to two or more antidepressants and are considered treatment resistant

82
Q

Telehealth and community-based mental healthcare during COVID-19

A

Digital care options through teletherapy and all manner of new apps
Online services reach the most remote regions and circumvent fears of stigma for making the decision to seek treatment.

83
Q

Data from social media to spot trends and prevent self- harm

A

Four billion people use social media, generating huge stores of data from their devices- studies show that language patterns and images in posts can reveal and predict mental health conditions for individuals and evaluate mental health trends across entire populations

84
Q

Psychedelics to assist the treatment of psychiatric disorders

A

the use of psychedelics, especially psilocybin and MDMA, is undergoing a renaissance
studies have reignited the hope that psychedelics could be powerful medicines for mental disorders- disorders like MDD and PTSD

85
Q

Digital devices to revolutionize how research is done

A

Smart phones and wearables to create more representative data pools of our global population than studies done with WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) research participants

86
Q

Digital tools to train providers and fill gaps in mental healthcare

A

⅘ people with mental disorders in low and middle income countries do not receive any form of mental health care

87
Q

Predictive analytics to guide mental health policy

A

Over the past 12 months, a series of models of the social and economic impacts of COVID-19 on mental health have been developed that simulated trajectories of psychological distress, mental health service waiting times, mental health-related hospital presentations, and suicide over the next 5 years

88
Q

Digital marketplaces to ensure quality mental health solutions

A

Several organizations, such as OneMind, Health Navigator and the World Economic Forum, have begun developing assessment criteria for digital mental-health tools.

89
Q

Factors Affecting Health Psychology’s Future

A

Financial support for psychological services
Education and training in health psychology
Developments in medicine

Health Psychology (1 decks)

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