FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Question 1

Renal failure is defined as…

Answer 1

UT’s inability to produce a normal amount of urine (1.5L)

Question 2

What is the most important development disorder of the urinary system? What is the major consequence?

Answer 2

polycystic kidney disease

renal failure by age 40-50

Question 3

What is renal agenesis?

Answer 3

failure of the fetal kidneys to fully form (UL or BL) - asymptomatic

Question 4

Differentiate primary vs. secondary glomerulonephritis

Answer 4

primary: immune-mediated (isolated)
secondary: d/t another condition such as SLE (Wegner’s granulomatosis)

Question 5

What are the 3 most important glomerular immunologic diseases?

Answer 5

lipoid nephrosis
membranous nephropathy
IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease)

Question 6

What are 3 circulatory disturbances that can affect the glomeruli?

Answer 6

HTN, atherosclerosis, and shock associated with DIC

Question 7

What is RPGN?

Answer 7

acute renal failure

involves presence of extensive glomerular crescents

Question 8

Differentiate causes of nephritic from nephrotic syndrome

Answer 8

Nephritic: usually caused by post-strep or post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic: usually d/t either focal glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, or diabetes mellitus

Question 9

Differentiate S&S of nephritic vs. nephrotic syndromes

Answer 9

BOTH: anasarca, proteinuria

nephrotic syndromes will see HYPERLIPIDEMIA, LIPIDURIA/LIPURIA (fats in the urine, not just proteins)

Question 10

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Answer 10

lipoid nephrosis

Question 11

What type of bacteria are UTIs caused by?

Answer 11

gram negative

Question 12

What is the most common avenue of renal infection?

Answer 12

via ascending infection (up the urethra, into bladder, up the ureter)

Question 13

Pyelonephritis is M/C caused by…

Answer 13

bacteria from the stool

Question 14

Infection of the urinary bladder is called ___ and is more common in ____

Answer 14

cystitis

women

Question 15

Urinary calculi are AKA ____ and are more common in ____.

They usually appear either in the __ or ____.

Answer 15

urolithiasis
men

renal pelvis or urinary bladder

Question 16

75% of urinary calculi are made of ____

Answer 16

calcium

Question 17

Which type of urinary calculi is d/t a complication of UTIs?

Answer 17

struvite

Question 18

Which renal neoplasm is a malignant tumor of infancy & childhood?

Answer 18

wilm’s tumor/nephroblastoma

Question 19

Wilm’s tumors have a ___ cure rate

Answer 19

85%

Question 20

What is the most common cancer of the UT? Who is it most common in?

Answer 20

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder

3x M/C in men

Question 21

Do carcinomas of the bladder tend to recur?

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

What is cryptorchidism?

Answer 22

an undescended testicle

Question 23

What is the most important congenital abnormality in men’s reproductive health?

Answer 23

cryptorchidism

Question 24

What is balanitis?

Answer 24

inflammation of head of penis d/t infection

Question 25

Male urethritis usually has one or both of two causes, which are:

Answer 25

chlamydia or gonorrhoea

Question 26

What is Reiter's syndrome (AKA Reactive Arthritis)?

Answer 26

triad or urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis

Question 27

What is ORCHITIS?

Answer 27

acute or chronic testicular inflammation

Question 28

What percentage of those who have mumps will develop orchitis?

Answer 28

20%

Question 29

What is the most common cancer in men?

Answer 29

prostate cancer (carcinoma)

Question 30

What is the 3rd most common cause of cancer deaths in men?

Answer 30

prostate carcinomas

Question 31

What surgical treatment is used for BPH?

Answer 31

trans-urethral prostatic resection

Question 32

What is the most effective treatment for carcinomas of the prostate?

Answer 32

none exist

Question 33

Over __% of men between ages 60 and 70 will have prostate cancer detected at autopsy.

Answer 33

60%

Question 34

What are the following all symptoms of: LBP, growths put pressure on pelvic nerves (referral into legs), blood in urine, urethral obstruction

Answer 34

prostate cancer

Question 35

Prostate tumors are most commonly found in what part of the prostate?

Answer 35

peripheral portions

Question 36

Prostate cancer likes to metastasize to...

Answer 36

local lymph nodes bones internal organs

Question 37

What's the TNM system of classification for cancer/prostate cancer?

Answer 37

Size/extent of primary tumor Number of lymph nodes it's spread to Absence or presence of distant metastases

Question 38

What's the difference between prostate cancer and BPH related to PSA?

Answer 38

Free PSA = BPH | Attached PSA = prostate cancer

Question 39

__% of cases are found in stage I or II with prostate cancer

Answer 39

91%

Question 40

Testicular tumors are.... rare/common?

Answer 40

RARE

Question 41

Testicular tumors have a survival rate of ___ and most commonly affected men at what ages?

Answer 41

90% 25-45

Question 42

Testicular tumors "rule of nineties" (90%) includes what?

Answer 42

occur in adulthood germ cell origin malignant curable with modern tx

Question 43

Germ cell tumors in men can either be...

Answer 43

seminomas sex cord tumors teratomas yolk sac tumors of infancy

Question 44

Seminomas make up __% of all testicular tumors and have a cure rate of __%

Answer 44

40% 90%

Question 45

_% of testicular tumors are sex cord tumors, of the Leydig or Sertoli cells

Answer 45

5%

Question 46

Testicular enlargement, diffuse pain, swelling, hardness, heaviness, back pain, abdominal mass and hematospermia are all symptoms of...

Answer 46

testicular cancer

Question 47

___ testicular tumors make up 10% and are almost always ___

Answer 47

Stromal, benign

Question 48

Circumcision may reduce the risk of this rare cancer of squamous cell carcinoma origin.

Answer 48

carcinoma of the penis

Question 49

What is Dyspareunia?

Answer 49

genital pain with intercourse

Question 50

Men with psychogenic impotence still have ____

Answer 50

nocturnal erections

Question 51

Ovarian cysts can result from a decrease in what hormone?

Answer 51

LH

Question 52

The M/C cause of ectopic/uterine pregnancies is...

Answer 52

scar tissue after PID

Question 53

What is the most common gynecological operation?

Answer 53

hysterectomies

Question 54

__% of infertility is d/t ____ pathology

Answer 54

fallopian tube

Question 55

Oligospermia means...

Answer 55

insufficient sperm produced

Question 56

Most carcinomas of the prostate occur in the ____ lobe

Answer 56

posterior

Question 57

The most important complication of endometriosis is...

Answer 57

infertility

Question 58

Most uterine tumors originate from the ____

Answer 58

myometrium

Question 59

70% of ovarian tumors are from the...

Answer 59

surface/germinal epithelium

Question 60

The most common benign uterine tumors are...

Answer 60

leiomyomas (fibroid tumors from the endometrium)

Question 61

The most common uterine malignant tumors are...

Answer 61

endometrial adenocarcinomas

Question 62

True or false: all tumors originating from the endometrium are malignant

Answer 62

true

Question 63

The most common type of ovarian cyst is:

Answer 63

follicular

Question 64

Of gynecological cancers, ovarian cancer has the ____ prognosis

Answer 64

worst

Question 65

Ovarian cancer is the ___ most common cause of gynaecological deaths in females

Answer 65

2nd, (after breast cancer)

Question 66

KRUKENBERG TUMORS are usually metastases from the ... to the ...

Answer 66

GASTER OVARIES