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Path 4 > FINAL EXAM REVIEW > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Renal failure is defined as…

A

UT’s inability to produce a normal amount of urine (1.5L)

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2
Q

What is the most important development disorder of the urinary system? What is the major consequence?

A

polycystic kidney disease

renal failure by age 40-50

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3
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

failure of the fetal kidneys to fully form (UL or BL) - asymptomatic

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4
Q

Differentiate primary vs. secondary glomerulonephritis

A

primary: immune-mediated (isolated)
secondary: d/t another condition such as SLE (Wegner’s granulomatosis)

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5
Q

What are the 3 most important glomerular immunologic diseases?

A

lipoid nephrosis
membranous nephropathy
IgA nephropathy (Berger’s disease)

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6
Q

What are 3 circulatory disturbances that can affect the glomeruli?

A

HTN, atherosclerosis, and shock associated with DIC

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7
Q

What is RPGN?

A

acute renal failure

involves presence of extensive glomerular crescents

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8
Q

Differentiate causes of nephritic from nephrotic syndrome

A

Nephritic: usually caused by post-strep or post-infectious glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic: usually d/t either focal glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, or diabetes mellitus

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9
Q

Differentiate S&S of nephritic vs. nephrotic syndromes

A

BOTH: anasarca, proteinuria

nephrotic syndromes will see HYPERLIPIDEMIA, LIPIDURIA/LIPURIA (fats in the urine, not just proteins)

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

lipoid nephrosis

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11
Q

What type of bacteria are UTIs caused by?

A

gram negative

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12
Q

What is the most common avenue of renal infection?

A

via ascending infection (up the urethra, into bladder, up the ureter)

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13
Q

Pyelonephritis is M/C caused by…

A

bacteria from the stool

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14
Q

Infection of the urinary bladder is called ___ and is more common in ____

A

cystitis

women

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15
Q

Urinary calculi are AKA ____ and are more common in ____.

They usually appear either in the __ or ____.

A

urolithiasis
men

renal pelvis or urinary bladder

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16
Q

75% of urinary calculi are made of ____

A

calcium

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17
Q

Which type of urinary calculi is d/t a complication of UTIs?

A

struvite

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18
Q

Which renal neoplasm is a malignant tumor of infancy & childhood?

A

wilm’s tumor/nephroblastoma

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19
Q

Wilm’s tumors have a ___ cure rate

A

85%

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20
Q

What is the most common cancer of the UT? Who is it most common in?

A

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder

3x M/C in men

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21
Q

Do carcinomas of the bladder tend to recur?

A

yes

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22
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

an undescended testicle

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23
Q

What is the most important congenital abnormality in men’s reproductive health?

A

cryptorchidism

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24
Q

What is balanitis?

A

inflammation of head of penis d/t infection

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25
Q

Male urethritis usually has one or both of two causes, which are:

A

chlamydia or gonorrhoea

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26
Q

What is Reiter’s syndrome (AKA Reactive Arthritis)?

A

triad or urethritis, arthritis, and conjunctivitis

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27
Q

What is ORCHITIS?

A

acute or chronic testicular inflammation

28
Q

What percentage of those who have mumps will develop orchitis?

A

20%

29
Q

What is the most common cancer in men?

A

prostate cancer (carcinoma)

30
Q

What is the 3rd most common cause of cancer deaths in men?

A

prostate carcinomas

31
Q

What surgical treatment is used for BPH?

A

trans-urethral prostatic resection

32
Q

What is the most effective treatment for carcinomas of the prostate?

A

none exist

33
Q

Over __% of men between ages 60 and 70 will have prostate cancer detected at autopsy.

A

60%

34
Q

What are the following all symptoms of: LBP, growths put pressure on pelvic nerves (referral into legs), blood in urine, urethral obstruction

A

prostate cancer

35
Q

Prostate tumors are most commonly found in what part of the prostate?

A

peripheral portions

36
Q

Prostate cancer likes to metastasize to…

A

local lymph nodes
bones
internal organs

37
Q

What’s the TNM system of classification for cancer/prostate cancer?

A

Size/extent of primary tumor
Number of lymph nodes it’s spread to
Absence or presence of distant metastases

38
Q

What’s the difference between prostate cancer and BPH related to PSA?

A

Free PSA = BPH

Attached PSA = prostate cancer

39
Q

__% of cases are found in stage I or II with prostate cancer

A

91%

40
Q

Testicular tumors are…. rare/common?

A

RARE

41
Q

Testicular tumors have a survival rate of ___ and most commonly affected men at what ages?

A

90%

25-45

42
Q

Testicular tumors “rule of nineties” (90%) includes what?

A

occur in adulthood
germ cell origin
malignant
curable with modern tx

43
Q

Germ cell tumors in men can either be…

A

seminomas
sex cord tumors
teratomas
yolk sac tumors of infancy

44
Q

Seminomas make up __% of all testicular tumors and have a cure rate of __%

A

40%

90%

45
Q

_% of testicular tumors are sex cord tumors, of the Leydig or Sertoli cells

A

5%

46
Q

Testicular enlargement, diffuse pain, swelling, hardness, heaviness, back pain, abdominal mass and hematospermia are all symptoms of…

A

testicular cancer

47
Q

___ testicular tumors make up 10% and are almost always ___

A

Stromal, benign

48
Q

Circumcision may reduce the risk of this rare cancer of squamous cell carcinoma origin.

A

carcinoma of the penis

49
Q

What is Dyspareunia?

A

genital pain with intercourse

50
Q

Men with psychogenic impotence still have ____

A

nocturnal erections

51
Q

Ovarian cysts can result from a decrease in what hormone?

A

LH

52
Q

The M/C cause of ectopic/uterine pregnancies is…

A

scar tissue after PID

53
Q

What is the most common gynecological operation?

A

hysterectomies

54
Q

__% of infertility is d/t ____ pathology

A

fallopian tube

55
Q

Oligospermia means…

A

insufficient sperm produced

56
Q

Most carcinomas of the prostate occur in the ____ lobe

A

posterior

57
Q

The most important complication of endometriosis is…

A

infertility

58
Q

Most uterine tumors originate from the ____

A

myometrium

59
Q

70% of ovarian tumors are from the…

A

surface/germinal epithelium

60
Q

The most common benign uterine tumors are…

A

leiomyomas (fibroid tumors from the endometrium)

61
Q

The most common uterine malignant tumors are…

A

endometrial adenocarcinomas

62
Q

True or false: all tumors originating from the endometrium are malignant

A

true

63
Q

The most common type of ovarian cyst is:

A

follicular

64
Q

Of gynecological cancers, ovarian cancer has the ____ prognosis

A

worst

65
Q

Ovarian cancer is the ___ most common cause of gynaecological deaths in females

A

2nd, (after breast cancer)

66
Q

KRUKENBERG TUMORS are usually metastases from the … to the …

A

GASTER

OVARIES

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