Final Exam Research II Flashcards
What are the barriers to EBP?
Time Access How to find the literature Cost Misconception that EBP is used over clinic knowledge
EBP is used to and for?
Locating, appraising and applying the existing research
Research is used for and to?
Test hypothesis Generate new information Describe lived experience Assert connection between study concepts Suggest cause and effect relationship
What is systematic Error or bias?
How participants are entered to the study. For example a therapist enters a client into the study because he/or she thinks it will be beneficial for the client.
What is measurement bias?
Measuring at different times then the rest of ground rounding the data differently
Level II
Two groups, nonrandomized studies
Cohort, case-control
Level III
One group, nonrandomized
Before and after, pretest and posttest
Level IV
Descriptive studies including analysis of outcome
Singe subject design
case series
Level V
Case report and experts opinion
What is contamination?
Occurs when control groups receives intervention
What is baseline equality?
Intervention and control group should be equal on important participants characteristics… age, gender, severity of disability
What is Quasi-Experimental design?
Investigate cause relationships between variables without random assignment to experimental group
What does the P stands for?.
Probability values
The probability that will result by a chance
What is correlation?
Used to measure the extend to which two variables are associated
What is correlation reported as?
r = .##, p
What about the positive and negative correlation?
The closes to negative (-1.0) or positive (1.0) the stronger the correlation
True or false. Correlation causes-and-effect relationship?
False. The correlation does not explain why X results in Y
What is regression?
Type of analysis designed to predict the levels of another variable.
What is the regression used for?
to identify risk factors as predictors of certain conditions
What is regression reported as?
R2 = .##
What Is mode?
The most frequent used number
What is median?
Mathematical half-pint
Parametric Variables? (quantitive research) include?
Interval variable - age, weight, muscle power, blood pressure
Ration Variable - absolute 0
Non-Parametric Variable? (Qualitative Research) include?
Nominal - Gender, race, color, city
Ordinal - Socioeconomic status, level of agreement, developmental levels.
Independent variable is?
What is being manipulated
such as intervention
Dependent variable is?
is the output of the independent variable such as outcomes.
When do you use T test?
Parametric
When would you use Independent Sample? (T-test)
When comparing two group together
When would you use paired sample?
When comparing between pretest and posttest scores in single group.
What would you use Mann-Whitney U Test
Nonparametric
Used to analyze ordinal data from two groups
What would you use Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test?
Non parametric
Pain Scale
What would you use Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Parametric
When there is more than 3 groups and when 2 outcomes being analyzed or repeated measures comparison
What would you use Kruskal-Wallis H-Test?
Non-parametric involving 3 or more groups
What would you use Friedman ANOVA test?
Non-Parametric involving comparison of 3 or more variables
What is Reliability?
Each time the specific method or assessment is used, the outcome will be consistent.
Example: FRT used today, later on during a day and tomorrow should have the same results.
Test-Retest Reliability?
Consistency of the measurement across time.
+.80
Interrater Reliability?
Consistency of the measure across different raters
Cohen’s alpha
.90 is considered strong
Intrarater Reliability?
Same therapist raters the patient on different occasion
Internal Consistency?
reflects consistency within the measurement itself each part of the measures is consistent to other.
Cronbach’s alpha
+.80 or greater
What if Validity ?
The degree to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.
Face Validity?
refers to the test and it’s content or protocol if it is designed to assess the variables which are being tested.
Content Validity?
Indicates and evaluates if the test covered all the aspects of the domain which is being tested.
Criterion Validity?
The extent to which the test results corresponds with other valid test
Construct Validity?
Extend to which the instrument generated data fits with the theory or concept
