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data management > final exam reivew > Flashcards

final exam reivew Flashcards

multiple choice review

1
Q

probability

A

likelihood of something occurring

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2
Q

outcome

A

possible result

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3
Q

experimental trial

A

one iteration/attempt at an experiment

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4
Q

experimental/empirical probability

A

based on experimental trial

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5
Q

empirical probability formula

A

P(A) = n(A)/n(T)

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6
Q

sum of probabilities

A

must equal 1

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7
Q

subjective probability

A

ones own opinion

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8
Q

theoretical probability

A

analyzing probable outcomes

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9
Q

theoretical probability formula

A

P(A) = n(A)/n(S)

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10
Q

sample space

A

the set of all possible outcomes

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11
Q

compliment

A

set of outcomes not included in event (A’)

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12
Q

odds in favour

A

P(A) : P(A’)

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13
Q

odds against

A

P(A’) : P(A)

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14
Q

comparing probability and odds

A

P(A) = h/h+k

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15
Q

mutually exclusive

A

events that can not happen at the same time

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16
Q

non-mutually exclusive

A

events that can happen at the same time

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17
Q

independent events

A

outcome of first event has no influence on second

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18
Q

dependent event

A

second event is influenced by first

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19
Q

box method

A

using boxes to represent choices

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20
Q

arrangement

A

ordered list of items

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21
Q

factorial

A

multiplying sequential natural numbers going down

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22
Q

permutations

A

arrangement of n distinct terms in definite order

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23
Q

permutation notation

A

nPr

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24
Q

combinations

A

selection from a group with no regard to order

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25
Q

combination notation

A

nCr or n!/ (n-r)!n!

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26
Q

sum of nth row

A

2^n

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27
Q

tn,r

A

t n-1, r-1 +t n-1, r

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28
Q

unique items in subsets

A

count cases or 2^n-1

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29
Q

identical items in subsets

A

(p+1)(q+1)(r+1)…-1

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30
Q

probability distribution

A

representation of all possible outcomes of experiment or sample space

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31
Q

expected value

A

predicted average

32
Q

uniform distribution

A

all outcomes are equally likely

33
Q

binomial distribution

A

success or failure, independent, replacement

34
Q

hypergeometric distribution

A

uses combinations, p of success changes after every trial, no replacement, dependent

35
Q

discrete data

A

certain countable values like 1, 2, 3…

36
Q

continuous data

A

values within any range, unlimited # of values, like time/money

37
Q

categorical/qualitative data

A

distinct groups, can be represented as groups or percent

38
Q

nominal data

A

no order necessary like colours

39
Q

ordinal data

A

makes sense to be ordered/ranked

40
Q

binary data

A

yes or no answers

41
Q

sample

A

smaller set out of a population, hard to rep. whole pop., more bias

42
Q

population

A

all data is important, takes time and money, gets outdated

43
Q

primary source

A

collected directly by researcher, not yet manipulated or organized

44
Q

microdata

A

individual sets of data about one respondant

45
Q

secondary source

A

data used by someone other than the researcher

46
Q

aggregate data

A

data combined/organized so microdata can not be identified

47
Q

bias

A

any factor than influences/favours a certain outcome/response

48
Q

sampling bias

A

sample chosen is not a good representation of population

49
Q

non-response bias

A

certain groups choose not to participate

50
Q

measurement bias

A

collection method skews results

51
Q

response bias

A

participants change answer due to fear, embarrassment or what they think the questions wants

52
Q

simple random sample

A

randomly choose specific number of people

53
Q

systematic sample

A

put population in an ordered list and choose people at regular intervals, easy if you have a list in order

54
Q

stratified sample

A

divide sample into groups with the same proportions as those groups in the population, works well if there are different groups

55
Q

cluster sample

A

divide population into groups, randomly choose a number of the groups, sample each member of the chosen groups, not all groups may rep. the population

56
Q

multistage sample

A

divide the population into a hierarchy and choose a random sample at each level

57
Q

convenience sample

A

choose people who are easy to access, can be unreliable, cheap

58
Q

voluntary sample

A

allow participants to choose whether to participate or not, could produce heavily biased results based on question

59
Q

mean

A

the average, add up all terms and divide by # of terms

60
Q

median

A

the middle number

61
Q

mode

A

most repeated number

62
Q

range

A

largest - smallest

63
Q

measures of central tendencies

A

values around where a set of data tends to cluster

64
Q

outliers

A

values significantly out of range, affect the mean the most

65
Q

normal distribution graph

A

bell shape curve, mean median and mode are equal

66
Q

bimodal distribution graph

A

2 curves, mode is peak, median and mean and lowest point

66
Q

left skewed/negative graph

A

peak on right side, mean is lowest value

67
Q

right skewed/positive graph

A

peak is on left side, mean is highest value

68
Q

uniform distribution graph

A

straight line, all value are equal likelihood

69
Q

exponential distribution graph

A

exponentially decreases

70
Q

continuity correction

A

used with discrete data, used to make up for difference between discrete and continuous data

71
Q

cause and effect relationship

A

change in one variable (independent) directly causes change in other variable (dependent)

72
Q

common cause relationship

A

external variable causes 2 variables to change the same way

73
Q

accidental relationship

A

based on purely coincidence

74
Q

reverse cause and effect

A

relationship where independent variable and dependent variable are reversed

75
Q

presumed relationships

A

relationship that makes sense but does not show a clear connection

data management (1 decks)

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