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CS100 > Final Exam: Readings > Flashcards

Final Exam: Readings Flashcards

1
Q

David Nye: technological prediction

A
  • best design does not always win
  • technological prediction is very difficult
  • technological prediction: predict unknown, forecast possibilities, project possibilities
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2
Q

Nye: Invention

A
  • a completely new technology
  • very rare
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3
Q

Nye: Innovation

A
  • new way to make previous technology useful
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4
Q

Nye: Diffusion

A
  • technology spreading to other classes, cultures, societies etc.
  • projection
  • new uses
  • work of designers, marketers, or innovators
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5
Q

Nye: Prediction and Forecasting

A
  • prediction –> invention
  • forecasting –> innovation
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6
Q

Einstein
scriptorium and scribal culture

A
  • scriptorium is a room set apart for writing
  • scribal culture was so thin that it placed reliance on oral transmission
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7
Q

Einstein: Incunabula

A
  • a book printed in Europe before 1501
  • production ranged from 200-1000 copies
  • first book printed was the Bible
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8
Q

Einstein: Books after printing press

A
  • books weren’t sold before the printing press
  • printing press led to the end of scriptoriums
  • merchants sold book after 1500
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9
Q

Einstein: Mass literature Audiences

A
  • people became more literate
  • political ideas and beliefs could be published
  • created pop culture
  • threats to control the church
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10
Q

Neil Postman
Childhood and literacy

A
  • children were seen as helpless and needed things done for them
  • emergence of literature created the idea that childhood is a stage of life and children are like mini adults
  • television resulted in the disappearance of childhood and erased boundaries between child and adult
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11
Q

Postman: social condition pre and post press

A
  • alphabetic writing system
  • long lasting manuscript tradition
  • people could learn to read and write
  • printing press brought back classical culture, growth of commerce, world exploration, and the ability to rise in social and economic class
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12
Q

Postman Article: printing press

A
  • printing press shaped cultures
  • different societies had different levels of access
  • power of press is similar to internet today
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13
Q

Carter
Chinese Block Printing

A
  • paper and block printing were invented during the Tang dynasty
  • allowed for increase in text production
  • early block printing was for religious use
  • began to be used for official documents and private books under Song dynasty
  • spread to Islamic countries and Europe
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14
Q

Graff: Early Modern Literacies
Reformation and Printing Press

A
  • 2 significant developments of reformation were the printing press and vernacular
  • church encouraged not to read vernacular because it may lead people to leave the church
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15
Q

John Thompson
changing patterns of communication

A
  • print development changed patterns of communication in Europe
  • periodical publication
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16
Q

Thompson: 4 types of print communication networks

A
  • church controlled
  • established by political authorities
  • business owned
  • network of merchants
17
Q

Tom Standage: “The Victorian Internet”
Pony Express

A
  • mail delivered by house
  • ended by the invention of the telegraph
18
Q

Standage: Postal Service

A
  • first postal service was in France in 1464
  • partial postal service increased rapidly from the 15th to 17th century
  • individual services linked up for “common carrier service”
19
Q

Standage: Building underwater and printing press

A

1st underwater telegraph
- rubber coat around wire
- could send messages across NY
- rubber deteriorated too quickly
2nd underwater telegraph
- gutta-percha replaced rubber
- was more expensive
- wire had to be clamped down so that it could sink
- first SMS sent from England to France came out as gibberish because water changed electrical properties
3rd underwater telegraph
- cables were tougher, heavier, and thicker
- sent first successful message from England to France

20
Q

James Carey: “Time, Space and the Telegraph”
Developments of Telegraph

A
  • could now communicate without using an object to deliver message
  • allowed for symbols to move quickly across land
21
Q

Carey: Telegraph and Financial Markets

A
  • changed the use of time contracts
  • enabled new kinds of business practices
22
Q

Sousa and Edison

A
  • John Philip Sousa felt the phonograph was awful and that it would destroy American music taste
  • Edison invented the phonograph to record and reproduce sounds
  • Edison and Sousa discussed ways to use phonograph for educational purposes
  • could be used to create better understandings of history, music, and culture
23
Q

Keller: “Photojournalism”

A

early photojournalism
- 1820s: technology of camera photography
- 1890s: photojournalism emerged
photography was used as a tool for documentation

24
Q

Sontag: “On Photography”
Photography’s integration into family life

A
  • don’t need to be literate
  • consent is very important
25
Q

Sontag: Truth, Experience, and photography

A
  • industrialization led to mass production of cameras creating larger demand
  • digital age shifted photography from an art form to an industry
  • became a tool for advertising, manipulation, and surveillance
26
Q

Stephen Kern: “Wireless World”
Wireless and the Titanic

A
  • wireless telegrapher allowed the titanic to connect with other boats and land through morse code
  • people could be saved if stranded
27
Q

Kern: Simultaneity of Experience

A
  • telephone made it possible to be in two places at once
  • talk to others over great distance
  • Kern believed it would be possible to by physically present in two places
28
Q

Claude Fisher: Early Telephone

A
  • invented in 1876
  • relatively useless when invented because two phones were needed
  • initially used by businesses and doctors
  • Bell became a monopoly by using licenses, flat rates and message rates
29
Q

Susan Douglas: Early Radio
Crystal Sets

A
  • sets without electricity, just needed headphones to get sound
30
Q

Douglas: Emergence of Chain Broadcasting

A
  • radio broadcasting became more centralized
  • outline the different ways people use the radio
  • first standardized mass entertainment
31
Q

Czitrom: Early Motion Pictures
Birth and early formation of film culture

A

early 1900s
- infrastructure was used for production, longer films, larger audience, mass viewing
early 1900s: Nickelodeons
- smaller and cheaper venues
- to see a variety of movies
- dangerous environment
early 1900s: France
- center of film production
- more prestigious level film

32
Q

Lynn Spiegel: Making Room for TV

A
  • believed to bring families together
  • changed the ways families interacted
  • TV began to replace piano and fireplace
  • was used to take away trauma from WWII
33
Q

From Lecture
Strategies of radio in tv age (Edison)

A
  • Motion Picture Patents Company founded by Edison
  • owned the market and patents
  • made it illegal to make your own films, buy different projectors, or play anything that wasn’t produced by them
    limited European imports
  • Blind booking: made cinemas play their movies
  • Block booking: paying for multiple shows even if you only want to see one
34
Q

Bolter and Grusin
Remediation

A

making new use from old technology
- email –> postal service
- library –> databases
- Diary –> blog posts
- radio –> Spotify

35
Q

Manovich
the rise of computers

A
  • first computer appeared in the 1800s
  • the first computer was the Hollerith Tabulator which was used for counting population
  • IBM made first tabulator that could add and subtract
36
Q

Tom Standage
Relationship between new media, old media, and really old media

A

new media is very similar to old media
- power given to single companies
- reliant on advertising
- social media allowed for easy communication like the printing press, telegraph and telephone

37
Q

Standage: anomaly

A
  • short era of mass media aggregating mass passive audiences

CS100 (2 decks)

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