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Geology > Final exam quizzes > Flashcards

Final exam quizzes Flashcards

1
Q
  1. practice quiz
    Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift after he observed evidence from fossils, glacial deposits, and the fit of the continents that suggested all of the continents were once ____
A
  • combined to form a supercontinent (he termed Pangaea) in the late Paleozoic through the Mesozoic
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2
Q

The idea that the continents have maintained fixed positions throughout time ____

A
  • (A & B correct) - was accepted by scientists until the late 1960s, was replaced by the theory of plate tectonics
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3
Q

Most of the PUSHING force driving plate motion is produced ___

A
  • at mid-ocean ridges
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4
Q

If a continental rift successfully breaks a single continent into two discrete pieces, the former rift valley becomes a ___

A
  • mid-ocean ridge
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5
Q

at a convergent plate boundary, two opposed plates ____

A
  • move toward one another
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6
Q

Unlike the lithosphere, the asthenosphere ____

A
  • is able to flow over long periods of time

- -is relatively weak and flows readily

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7
Q
  1. practice quiz

- -the sedimentary rock layers in this circular structure have been deformed to make a (look at picture)

A
  • dome
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8
Q

dip and strike measurements are used to describe the orientation of

A
  • ALL OF THE ABOVE
  • -bedding planes
  • -joints
  • -faults
  • -planar surfaces in metamorphic rocks
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9
Q

Mt. Everest, the highest mountain in the world, is located on the continent of

A
  • Asia
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10
Q

An episode of mountain building is termed an

A
  • orogeny
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11
Q

a body of rock affected by tensile stress will likely undergo

A
  • stretching
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12
Q
  1. Real quiz

- -reverse faults are those in which the footwall

A
  • moves down relative to the hanging wall
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13
Q

strike is measured

A
  • as the orientation of a horizontal line on a bedding plane
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14
Q

displacement along a strike-slip fault is best describes as

A
  • horizontal displacement of rocks on either side of the fault
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15
Q

the photo of a road cut in layered sedimentary rocks shows a ____ fault. The arrows show the direction of movement

(Ch. 7 #4 - picture)

A
  • normal fault
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16
Q

in the illustration, the red line represents what part of a fold?

(ch. 7 #5 - picture)

A
  • the hinge
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17
Q

the distinction btwn joints and faults is that

A
  • faults are fractures along which displacement has ocurred; displacement does not occur along joints
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18
Q

right-lateral and left-lateral are both examples of ___ faults

A
  • strike-slip
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19
Q

a fold-shaped like an elongate trough is a ____

A
  • syncline
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20
Q

continental collision is commonly marked by

A
  • a and c
  • -the formation of large fold belts
  • -thrust sheets
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21
Q

extension of the lithosphere causes

A
  • stretching, thinning, and lengthening of rock layers
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22
Q

Ch. 18 - practice quiz

–how many seismic stations are necessary to find the epicenter of an earthquake

A
  • 3
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23
Q

if, during an earthquake, a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed ___ if the fault is steep (Closer to vertical than horizontal)

A
  • reverse
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24
Q

seismic gaps are important in earthquake prediction because they mark zones

A
  • along plate margins where stress is building to the level necessary for an earthquake
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25
Q

the earth;s mantle is believed to be solid, not liquid, because

A
  • S waves travel through the mantle but do not travel through a liquid
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26
Q

the epicenter of an earthquake is

A
  • a point directly above the focus
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27
Q

which characteristics best describe S waves?

A
  • second to arrive, move through the Earth’s mantle, will not move through a liquid
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28
Q

which of the following statements is true of earthquakes?

A
  • all of the above!!!
    (-shallow earthquakes coincide with the crest of oceanic ridges
    -shallow earthquakes occur along transform faults btwn midocean ridge crests
    -earthquakes at convergent plate margins occur in a zone inclined downward beneath the adjacent continent or island arc
    -earthquakes along transform faults originate from lateral movement)
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29
Q
  1. practice quiz

oil drilling not only provides gasoline and electric power but also material incorporated in

A
  • plastics
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30
Q

which of the following is a renewable resource?

A
  • hydro-electric (not coal, oil, natural gas)
31
Q

Petroleum forms

A
  • by the decomposition of organic material in sedimentary rock
32
Q

the conditions necessary for the accumulation of oil in an economic deposit include all of the following EXCEPT

A
  • high-grade metamorphism
    (DOES INCLUDE: reservoir beds, sufficient heat and pressure to convert organic matter to hydrocarbons, a trap barrier to migration, source beds)
33
Q

the most important energy source currently in use is

A
  • fossil fuel
34
Q

In this drawing of a possible petroleum reservoir in an anticline, oil and gas would most likely be trapped where?

A
  • A - Sandstone

- -look at the four pictures on pg. 746 of the book

35
Q
  1. real quiz

which mineral resources are considered renewable?

A
  • no mineral resources are renewable
36
Q

which coal contains the most carbon per volume

A
  • anthracite
37
Q

the high electrical conductivity associated with metallic bonds results from ___

A
  • the ability of outer electrons to move freely from atom to atom
38
Q

most of the hydrocarbons within oil and natural gas are derived from the breakdown of organic matter from once-living

A
  • plankton
39
Q

petroleum is commonly trapped in

A
  • all of the above
  • stratigraphic traps
  • fault traps
  • anticlines
  • unconformity traps
    (pictures on pg. 746)
40
Q

An example of harnessing geothermal energy is

A
  • using geothermally heated groundwater

NOT: direct heat flow from the earth, direcly tapping the lava from volcanoes, or directly tapping a magma

41
Q

there are major problems associated with the use of coal as a source of energy. They include

A
  • acid rain and open-pit mines
42
Q

problems with the use of nuclear fuels as an energy source include

A
  • the disposal of spent but still radioactive fuel
43
Q

U-235, the isotope of uranium commonly utilized in nuclear power plants is

A
  • rare even in uranium oxoide deposits, and thus usable reactor fuel must be enriched with respect to this isotope
44
Q

according to recent studies the major factor in limiting population and industrial growth will be

A
  • consumption of resources
45
Q
  1. real quiz

Wegener’s idea of continental drift was rejected by American geologists because

A
  • he could not conceive a mechanism that would cause continents to shift positions
46
Q

the theory of plate tectonics

A
  • incorporates and explains both sea-floor spreading and continental drift
47
Q

Hawaii is an example of a

A
  • hot-spot volcano
48
Q

The magnetic field of Earth in the geologic past

A
  • is known to have experienced numerous polarity reversals, and is recorded in remnant magnetization of iron-rich minerals in rocks
49
Q

within the sea floor, the rate of geothermal heat flow is greatest

A
  • along mid-ocean ridges
50
Q

under the theory of plate tectonics, the plates themselves are

A
  • discrete pieces of lithosphere at the surface of the solid earth that move with respect to one another
51
Q

the youngest sea floor occurs

A

-along mid-ocean ridges

52
Q

most of the pulling force driving plate motion is produced

A
  • at subduction zones
53
Q

every plate boundary can be recognized by

A
  • the presence of an earthquake belt
54
Q

18 real quiz!

Which of the following are important hazards posed by earthquakes?

A

all of the above

  • ground shaking
  • surface faulting
  • liquefaction of unconsolidated materials
  • tsunamis in the ocean
55
Q

a sold inner core is indicated by the behavior of

A
  • P-waves
56
Q

S waves with NOT travel through

A
  • a liquid
57
Q

Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault in California are related to?

A
  • a strike-slip fault at a transform plate margin
58
Q

the distribution of earthquakes on Earth

A
  • delineates plate boundaries
59
Q

the focus of an earthquake is

A
  • the point of initial movement
60
Q

a surface along which rock on opposed sides is offset by sliding during an earthquake is called a

A
  • fault
61
Q

if during an earthquake, a footwall slides upward relative to a hanging wall, the fault is termed

A
  • normal
62
Q

aftershocks following a major earthquake

A

all of the above are correct

  • may continue for days after the initial earthquake
  • are mostly much smaller than the original earthquake
  • may occur on the same fault as the original earthquake, or a diff. fault
63
Q

earthquakes are caused by

A
  • ruptures that occur where rocks are strained beyond their elastic limits
64
Q

Ch. 25 - other planets - practice quiz

–the geological differences btwn the Galilean satellites of Jupiter are largely caused by differences

A
  • in the amt. of tidal energy they receive
65
Q

the most important heat source for the differentiation of earth was probably

A
  • heat released by accretion
66
Q

which of the following features have been found on Venus?

A

all of the above

  • lava flows
  • lava domes
  • folding of the surface
  • fractures
67
Q

which of the following planetary bodies has a thick atmosphere?

A
  • Titan
68
Q

which of the following planetary bodies is believed to be the most volcanically active body int he solar system?

A
  • lo
69
Q

The great canyon (Valley Marineris) on Mars is considered to be primarily the resut of

A
  • rifting
70
Q

which of the following planetary bodies has the oldest surface?

A
  • the moon
71
Q

of the following, which was most important in establishing the sequence of events in lunar history?

A
  • the principle of superposition
72
Q

the major physiographic provinces of the Moon are

A
  • maria and highlands
73
Q

Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9* disappeared when

A
  • it went into orbit around Jupiter and then collided with it

Geology (6 decks)

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