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fundamentals of hearing final exam > Final Exam Questions > Flashcards

Final Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term we use to describe the interference in the perception of the sound due to the presence of a competing sound?

A

Masking.

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2
Q

Why do we use masking in audiology?

A

To isolate the test ear so that the non-test ear does not interfere when there is a difference of 40dBhl between the ears. You want to separate the cochleas.

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3
Q

How many rows of inner cells does the organ of corti have?

A

One row of inner hair cells.

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4
Q

How many rows of outer hair cells does the organ of corti have?

A

Three rows of OUTER hair cells.

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5
Q

What happens to period of a wave form if the frequency of a sinusoidal wave increases?

A

The period (time) will decrease.

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6
Q

In an auditory system, the analog information or mechanical energy will change to digital information at what point along the auditory pathway?

A

In the sensory cells. (cochlea, inner ear, sensory cells).

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7
Q

What happens when the inaural time and inaural level differences are identical?

A

Cone of Confusion.

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8
Q

What is the term to describe periodic variations in the air that resulted from a combination of two slightly different frequencies or the periodic mixing of points of compression with points of rarefaction?

A

beats.

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9
Q

What is a period of a thousand Hz pure tone?

A

1 millisecond.

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10
Q

What structures of the auditory system that energy travels?

A

outer inner
middle ear-malleus, incus, stapes
inner ear-cochlea
CANS-

REVIEW THIS

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11
Q

how is a sinusoid described?

A

Amplitude, frequency and time!

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12
Q

What is the back and forth movement of an object around it’s original position called?

A

vibration

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13
Q

What are the reference values for Sound pressure level?

A

.0002dns/cm2
or
2 micropascals

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14
Q

What is the term used to describe sound pressure changes due to intervening structures?

A

head related transfer function

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15
Q

What frequencies do humans hear best at?

A

1,000-4,000 Hz

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16
Q

What are the three physical attributes of sound?

A

Frequency
Amplitude
Time duration (same as describing sinusoid!)

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17
Q

What happens for every 3dB increase in sound pressure level?

A

It doubles.

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18
Q

When the stapes moves laterally or outward and pushes on part of the oval window, what part of the cochlea is affected regarding the fluid?

A

fluid is pushed into the scala media

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19
Q

If you have displacement of a wave and the peak positive amplitude is 5 and the negative amplitude is 5, what would the peak to peak amplitude be?

A

10mm

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20
Q

If the peak amplitude in the positive was 10 and the negative was 10, what would the peak to peak amplitude be?

A

20mm

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21
Q

What are the main characteristics of an audiogram?

A

pictorial representation of hearing threshhold
graphical or serial
generally plotted in dBHL

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22
Q

What has the highest positive potential in the body, and is located in the endolynth?

A

The resting potential.

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23
Q

If the ossicular chain’s function is disrupted and you lose your middle ear function, how much hearing loss would you most likely have?

A

26.9 dB

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24
Q

What are the three ossicles called (their formal names?)

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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25
Q

What is a cochlear emission?

A

a term used for echoic sound that is emitted by the cochlea after a click or tone burst sound is delivered into the outer ear canal.

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26
Q

What are the phases of a disturbance called for air molecules moving as a sound travels from a sound source from a medium to a receiver?

A

rarefaction and compression/condensation

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27
Q

which noise is commonly used to mask thresh hold noise?

A

white (gauzian) broadband noise

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28
Q

what is the frequency range of the outer ear canal resonance in terms of amplification?

A

1500-7000Hz

1.5k to 7k Hz

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29
Q

What structure in the inner ear prodives a rich blood supply and oxygen required for basic metabolic function or control of the cochlea?

A

The stria vascularis

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30
Q

does Tonotopic organization apply to just the cochlea?

A

No. It goes up into the auditory brain stem.

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31
Q

What is the part of the middle ear that helps us with balance function?

A

semicircular canals.

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32
Q

what part of the middle ear system is responsible for equalize air pressure between the middle ear and the atmospheric pressure?

A

Eustachian tube.

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33
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

20-20,000 Hz.

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34
Q

In terms of a temporary temporary threshhold shift, will it increase or decrease with an increase in duration and intensity of noise exposure?

A

Increase.

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35
Q

What two things are required for an object to vibrate?

A

Mass and Stiffness (elasticity)

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36
Q

Our ability to locate the position of a sound source in space depends on what?

A

time and intensity cues

37
Q

What is a type of tone in audiology we use to test hearing?

A

pure tone

38
Q

In terms of noise exposure, which frequencies are generally affected on an audiogram when there is noise induced hearing loss?

A

3-6,000 Hz.

39
Q

a .5 msec of a tone is equal to how many Hz?

A

2,000 Hz

40
Q

Which anatomical structure in the CANS is located between the inferior coliculus and the auditory complex?

A

The medial geniculate body.

41
Q

What three factors contribute to noise induced hearing loss?

A

type of sound
level (intensity) of sound
duration of sound

42
Q

What are physiological functions of the middle ear?

A

impedence mismatching
transduces acoustic energy to mechanical energy
air pressure equalization (MAIN function!)

43
Q

What part of the outer ear helps to transduce acoustic energy to mechanical energy?

A

Tempanic Membrane

Ossicular Chain

44
Q

What does a pascal measure?

A

pressure

45
Q

What does a decibel measure?

A

the dynamic range of hearing.

46
Q

On an audiogram, the higher (top) portion of the graph, or lower thresholds, represents:

better hearing
worse hearing
individual hair cell counts
combined hair cell responses

A

Better hearing

47
Q 
The amount of damage to the ear for noise-induced hearing loss is determined by what?
  type of the noise
  duration of the noise exposure
  level of the noise exposure
  all of the above
  none of the above
A

all of the above

48
Q 
Which of the following transducers/sound sources is used to measure the minimum audible field (MAF)?
  headphones
  insert earphones
  bone oscillator
  loudspeakers
A

loudspeakers

49
Q

Which of the following is a true statement?
the range between the thresholds of detection and pain is called the minimum audible threshold
the threshold of detection is 10 dB for all frequencies
the threshold of pain is approximately 140 dB
the dynamic range is160 dB in normal hearing listeners

A

the threshold of pain is approximately 140 dB

50
Q

What is the term used to describe a hearing loss that usually recovers after auditory rest?
permanent threshold shift
temporary threshold shift
low frequency, sensorineural hearing loss
high frequency, sensorineural hearing loss

A

temporary threshold shift

51
Q 
What do phons measure?
  pitch of a sound
  timbre of a sound
  duration of sound
  loudness of a sound
  none of the above
A

loudness of a sound

52
Q 
What part of the Auditory Pathway of the CANS has nerve fibers that separate into the Anteroventral and Dorsal, and suggests an inhibitory network?
  Inferior Colliculus
  Cochlear Nucleus
  Superior Olivary Complex
  Cochlea
  Medial Geniculate Body
A

Cochlear Nucleus

53
Q

True or False:

High-frequency signals cannot mask low-frequency signals.

A

True

54
Q

The Central Auditory Nervous System (CANS) continues to develop after birth:
True
False

A

True

55
Q

At what point along the brainstem within the CANS do the neurons receive significant input from both cochleas, and contains 4 nuclei?

A

the superior olivary complex

56
Q 
What term relates to the smallest level required for detection of the frequency of a tone, or the smallest amount of pressure to which the auditory system is sensitive?
  threshold of discomfort
  threshold of audibility
  threshold of pain
  none of the above
A

threshold of audibility

57
Q 
What is the term for a graphical, or serial, representation of hearing, usually plotted in dB HL?
  Audiogram
  Auditory brainstem Response
  Otoacoutic emission test
  none of the above
A

audiogram

58
Q 
The otologic condition in which sound input from a signal grows at an abnormal rate of loudness perception is:
  pitch distortion
  adaptation
  recruitment
  equal temperament
A

recruitment

59
Q

What are the proper ascending points of the Central Auditory Nervous System pathway starting from the Cochlea to the Auditory Cortex?

A

Cochlea, Cochlear Nucleus, Ipsilateral/Contralateral Superior Olivary Complex, through and around the lateral lamniscus to the Inferior Colliculus, medial geniculate body, and finally to the auditory cortex

60
Q 
What is the term used to describe two tones presented at different times so the separation in time allows us to determine the sources?
  temporal onsets/offsets
  temporal modulations
  spatial separation
  temporal separation
A

temporal separation

61
Q

The Central Auditory Nervous System pathway, from the cochlea up through the auditory cortex is tonotopically (or topographically) organized?

true or false?

A

true!

62
Q

Antibiotics such as kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, and vancomycin will NOT generally be toxic to the inner ear hair cells and stria vascularis?

True or false?

A

False!

63
Q 
When a sound arrives at one ear before the other ear, generally due to head placement in reference to a sound source, this is known as:
  Interaural Phase Difference
  Interaural Level Difference
 Interaural Time Difference
  Masking Level Difference
  None of the above
A

Interaural Time Difference

64
Q 
The basic speech sound is called:
  a consonant
  a vowel
  a phoneme
  none of the above
A

a phoneme

65
Q 
What is the best, or most common medical, term used to describe fluid in the middle ear:
  otalgia
  otosclerosis
  otitis media
  ototoxicity
A

otitis media

66
Q 
Different sounds presented to both ears is a listening condition referred to as:
  monotic
  diotic
  dichotic
  simultaneous masking
  pitch detection
A

dichotic

67
Q 
Vocal tract includes:
  oral cavity, tongue, nasal cavity
  lungs, pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity
  nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity
  palate, oral cavity, tongue
A

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharyngeal cavity

68
Q 
One \_\_\_\_\_ equals the loudness of a 1000Hz tone that is presented at 40 dB SPL.
  phoneme
  phon
  allophone
  sone
A

sone

69
Q 
What is the term used to describe when all tones appear equally loud to the listener at every frequency?
  equal sound level
  equal loudness contour
  symmetrical hearing level
  asymmetrical hearing level
A

equal loudness contour

70
Q

Loudness is the same thing as intensity:
true or false

true o

A

true!

71
Q 
A plot of frequency as a function of time is a:
  waveform
  spectrum
  psychometric function
  spectrograph
A

spectrograph

72
Q 
Waardenburg’s and Usher’s Syndromes cause what type of hearing loss?
  hearing loss due to infection
  hearing loss due to aging
  hearing loss due to heredity
  hearing loss due to noise
A

hearing loss due to heredity

73
Q

noise exposure most commonly damages:
ear drum

inner hair cells
stria vascularis
basilar membrane
outer hair cells

A

OUTER hair cells

74
Q 
A neural tuning curve is produced by using \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and recording from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
  multiple tones : multiple fibers
  a single tone : a single fiber
  multiple tones : a single fiber
  a single tone : multiple fibers
A

multiple tones : a single fiber

75
Q 
What are the names of the middle ear muscles?
  Tensor tympani
  Stapedius
  Capulum
  a and b
  b and c
A

tensor tympani

stapedius

76
Q

True or False?

Perilymph contains mostly potassium (K) ions with some sodium (Na) ions?

A

False!

77
Q 
Beginning at the round window, if a scuba diver was to swim all the way through the length of the cochlea to the oval window, the scuba diver would be forced to pass through this structure:
  Internal auditory meatus
  Reissner’s membrane
  Helicotrema
  Basilar membrane
A

Helicotrema

78
Q

True or false?

The majority of the afferent nerve fibers (95%) come from the inner hair cells

A

True

79
Q

Which statement best describes the cochlear microphonic?
Direct current voltage; exists without acoustic stimulation
Alternating current voltage; generated by auditory nerve in response to acoustic stimulation; mimics the input in frequency and amplitude
Direct current voltage; appears only during acoustic stimulation
Alternating current voltage; appears only during acoustic stimulation; mimics the input in frequency and amplitude

A

Alternating current voltage; appears only during acoustic stimulation; mimics the input in frequency and amplitude

80
Q

What is the most important evidence for an active cochlea, and is used as a more objective test for cochlear function for newborn hearing screenings and to rule out hearing loss in those who try to fake hearing loss?

Auditory Brainstem Response
Tuning curves
Otoacoustic emissions
Frequency-specific ABR

A

otoacoustic emissions

81
Q

A nerve fiber has a:

Negative charge on the outside and a positive charge on the inside

Neutral charge on the inside

Positive charge on the outside and a negative charge on the inside

Neutral charge on the outside

A

Positive charge on the outside and a negative charge on the inside

82
Q

These cells send out phalangeal processes that form the matrix of the reticular lamina, and act as a supporting cell for the outer hair cell (one per cell):

Claudius cells

Hensen cells

Deiter cells

Tectorial membrane

A

deiter cells

83
Q

The total d.c. resting potential between the inside and outside hair cells in the organ of Corti is approximately:
0 mV
80 mV
150 mV
0 to 5 mV
not d.c., but rather a.c. at this location

A

150 mv

84
Q 
An acoustically evoked compound action potential is:
  generated by hair cells
  generated by the 8th nerve
  a resting potential
  generated by the tympanic membrane
  none of the above
A

generated by the 8th nerve

85
Q

Traveling wave motion:
always starts in the base and travels toward the apex

results in high frequency coding in the basal end of the basilar membrane

results in low frequency coding primarily in the apical end of the basilar membrane

all of the above

A

all of the above

86
Q

Hair cell motility:

may contribute to the otoacoustic emission (acoustic echo)

refers to damage caused by noise exposure
alters ear canal properties

a and b

all of the above

A

may contribute to the otoacoustic emission (acoustic echo)

87
Q

what do pascals measure?

A

pressure

88
Q

what are the different resting potentials

A

Resting Potential, Summating Potential, Cochlear Microphonic, Auditory Action Potential

fundamentals of hearing final exam (1 decks)

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