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Speech Anatomy Final > Final Exam Questions > Flashcards

Final Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What theory accounts for coarticulation?

A

Dynamic Action Theory

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2
Q

What muscle shortens the tongue and raises it upward?

A

Superior longitudinal muscle

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3
Q

What muscle is responsible for non-nasal sounds?

A

Levator veli palatini

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4
Q

What are the cavities of the articulatory system?

A

Oral
Buccal
Nasal
Pharyngeal

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5
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx, from superior to inferior?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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6
Q

Superior

A

Above

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7
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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8
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

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9
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

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10
Q

What is the 2nd most mobile articulator?

A

The lips

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11
Q

What is the most mobile articulator?

A

The tongue

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12
Q

List the articulators

A

Lips
Tongue
Jaw
Soft Palate

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13
Q

The lips are responsible for what consonants?

A

/p,b,m,f,v/

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14
Q

What is prognathia?

A

Protrusion of the mandible. The mandible sits anterior to the maxilla.

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15
Q

Anterior

A

(protrustion) is forward to

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16
Q

Posterior

A

sits behind

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17
Q

retrognathia

A

underdevelopment of mandible (mandible is posterior to maxilla)

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18
Q

List the fibrous joints found in the cranium:

A

Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoidal suture
Parietomastoid suture

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19
Q

list the fibrous joint found in the facial skeleton

A

Temperomandibular joint

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20
Q

This suture separates the front and parietal bones

A

coronal suture

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21
Q

This suture separates the parietal bones

A

sagittal suture

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22
Q

This suture separates occipital bone from parietal and temporal bones

A

lambdoidal suture

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23
Q

This suture separates the parietal and temporal bones

A

parietomastoid suture

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24
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

The inverse relationship between pressure and volume given a constant temperature

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25
Q

List the abdominal muscles, from most superficial to most deep.

A
  1. external oblique (most superficial)
  2. internal oblique
  3. rectus abdominis
  4. transverse abdominis (deepest)
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26
Q

What is glottal fry?

A

It is the lowest fundamental frequency.
VF close quickly. It is the long closed phase of the cycle
VF free margins appear flaccid, but are tightly closed
Bubbles of air escape, giving it a “popcorn” quality
it is the least flexible
involves low airflow

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27
Q

What is the frequency of glottal fry?

A

Less than 100 Hz.

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28
Q

Describe the modal register:

A

Has the widest range of fundamental frequency

It is the normal speaking voice

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29
Q

Describe Falsetto

A

It is the highest Fundamnetal frequency

VFs do not usually close completely

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30
Q

What is Van Der Merwe’s framework for speech production?

A

Intent—–linguistic symbolic planning—–motor planning/programming——execution

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31
Q

What are the biological functions of the respiratory, laryngeal, and oral cavity/systems?

A

Communication between the respiratory tract and the atmosphere

  • Beginning of the digestive tract/mastication and enzymatic breakdown
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32
Q

Where do the sarcomeres live?

A

the Myofibrils.

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33
Q

True or false?

According to the neurochronaxic theory of voice production, each opening and closing of the vocal folds is due to separate nerve firing and muscle contractions.

A

TRUE!

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34
Q

True or false?

Both the epiglottis and the thyroid cartilage are essential structures for phonation.

A

FALSE!

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35
Q

T/F

The interarytenoid muscle is important for position and support of the larynx.

A

FALSE!

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36
Q

T/F

The physical manifestation of intensity is pitch.

A

FALSE!

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37
Q

T/F

The thyrovocalis muscle has an attachment at the muscular process of the arytenoid.

A

FASLE!

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38
Q

T/F

Using a strobe light during laryngoscopy allows for visualization of the vocal folds vibrating.

A

TRUE!

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39
Q

T/F

Flexible laryngoscopy allows for assessment of laryngeal function during conversational speech.

A

TRUE!

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40
Q

T/F

The omohyoid muscle is a suprahyoid muscle.

A

FALSE!

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41
Q

T/F

The anterior digastric muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the larynx which is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X).

A

FALSE!

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42
Q

As mass per unit (or mass/length) increases, tension decreases, and fundamental frequency decreases.

A

TRUE!

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43
Q

Which of the following vocal fold configurations would have a larger glottis?

Vocal folds fully abducted
OR
Vocal folds fully adducted

A

Vocal folds fully abducted

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44
Q

Which is the space beneath the vocal folds extending to the first tracheal ring?

Laryngeal Vestibule
Ventricles
Glottal Space
Subglottal Space

A

Subglottal Space

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45
Q

The ____________________ is the part of the thyroid that arises from its lateral surface and projects superiorly, attaching indirectly to the hyoid bone.

A

Superior Cornu

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46
Q

To increase loudness at very low fundamental frequencies, you need to increase:

A

Glottal resistance

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47
Q

Which of the following structures is not composed of elastic cartilage?

  corniculate cartilages
  thyroid cartilage
  cuneiform cartilage
  epiglottis
  all of the above are composed of elastic cartilage.
A

thyroid cartilage

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48
Q

On average, the male voice’s fundamental frequency during reading is:

A

112-146 Hz

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49
Q

Lowering the pitch of your voice involves ___________ the vocal folds.

A

relaxing

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50
Q

The rocking motion of the __________ cartilage relative to the __________ cartilage can increase pitch.

A

thyroid

cricoid

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51
Q

Which of the following consist of only extrinsic ligaments/membranes?

Lateral hyothyroid ligament, conus elasticus, glossoepiglottic ligament

Middle hyothyroid ligament, vocal ligament, thyroepiglottic ligament

Vocal ligament, posterior cricoarytenoid ligament, conus elasticus

Lateral hyothyroid ligament, cricotracheal membrane, glossoepiglottic ligament

A

Middle hyothyroid ligament, vocal ligament, thyroepiglottic ligament

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52
Q

The anterior portion of the vocal folds attaches to the ________ cartilage(s) and the posterior portion attaches to the _________ cartilage(s):

A

thyroid

arytenoid

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53
Q

Which of the following consist only of muscles used in adduction:

thyroarytenoid, interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, cricothyroid
transverse, vertical, oblique
thyrovocalis, thyromuscularis, cricothyroid
oblique interarytenoid, tranverse interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid
none of the above

A

oblique interarytenoid, tranverse interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid

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54
Q

The glottal fry register is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

   Long closed quotient
  Least flexible of the vocal registers
  Flaccid vocal fold edges
  Low airflow
   All of the above are true about the glottal fry register.
A

All of the above are true about the glottal fry register.

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55
Q

Each of the following are joints within the laryngeal mechanism:

 A. Cricothyroid joint
 B. Cricoarytenoid joint
 C. Thyroarytenoid joint
  A & B
  A & C
A

A and B

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56
Q

The following are all laryngeal depressors:

Digastric, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid
Digastric, Sternothyroid, Mylohyoid, Sternohyoid
Omohyoid, Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Thyrohyoid
Thyrohyoid, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternothyroid
None of the above

A

Thyrohyoid, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternothyroid

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57
Q

A person makes the following group of phonations: ah, ah, ah, ah, ah (note: Each separation with a comma indicates a separate ‘ah.’) For this example, how many times are the vocal folds adducted using a muscle contraction?

A

5

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58
Q

All of the following are objective parameters used to assess vocal quality, except:

   intensity
  shimmer
  spectrum
  open quotient
  all of the above are objective parameters of vocal quality.
A

all of the above are objective parameters of vocal quality.

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59
Q

Falsetto vocal fold register is due to:

A

longer, thinner vocal folds

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60
Q

A functional larynx is essential for all of the following except:
thoracic fixation
phonation
coughing
airway protection
all of the above require a functional larynx

A

all of the above require a functional larynx

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61
Q

What specific structures of the aging larynx are likely to be impacted by ossification of hyaline cartilage?

A

The cricothyroid would be affected if there was ossification of hyaline cartilage.

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62
Q

What perceptual voice changes would you expect in the male aging voice secondary to atrophy of the thyrovocalis muscle?

A

There would be an increase in pitch, because the fundamental frequency would rise.

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63
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm? What is the diaphragm’s point of attachment to the sternum?

A

The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm. The diaphragm’s point of attachment to the sternum is the xiphoid process.

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64
Q

The lower lip is less mobile than the upper lip. True or false?

A

False.

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65
Q

T/F

A retrognathic or Class II malocclusion occurs when the maxilla lies posteriorly to the mandible.

A

FALSE!

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66
Q

T/F

Both the posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are essential for the production of voiced consonants.

A

False

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67
Q

T/F

The anterior portion of the hard palate is made up of the maxilla bone.

68
Q

T/F

The parietomastoid suture is a fibrous joint containing a large articulatory space.

69
Q

Match the following types of speech sounds to the correct articulators:

  1. linguapalatal
  2. linguadental
  3. labiodental
A
  1. tongue to palate.
  2. tongue to teeth.
  3. lip to teeth
70
Q

The temporomandibular joint is formed by the:

A

Condyloid process of mandible and temporal bone.

71
Q

What is a common muscle employed in the production of all the following sounds /g, d, p, s/? (Hint – the answer is not a primary mover muscle)

A

Levator veli palatini

72
Q

The function of the hyoglossus muscle includes all of the following:

a. Draw tongue back
b. Draw tongue downward
c. Draw tongue upward
d. A and C
e. A and B

73
Q

Label the muscle “A” if it elevates the mandible, and “B” if it depresses (lowers) the mandible.

  1. Temporalis
  2. Geniohyoid
  3. Masseter
  4. Lateral Pterygoid
A

temporalis-raises

geniohyoid-depresses

masseter-elevates

lateral pterygoid- depresses

74
Q

The phonemes ‘sh’, ‘ch’, & ‘r’ share what common primary mover muscle?

A

Genioglossus & Superior longitudinal muscle

75
Q

Of the theories of speech production, which can account for auditory feedback, but not for phoneme variation seen with coarticulation?

A

Central control theory

76
Q

What is a common muscle employed in the production of all the following sounds /m, n, d/? (Hint – the answer is not a primary mover muscle)

A

Lateral cricoartenoid

77
Q

All of the following are parts of the tongue, except:
Apex
Base
Dorsum
Root
All of the above are parts of the tongue.

A

All of the above are parts of the tongue.

78
Q

For the following types of sounds, indicate which muscle(s) move the primary articulator.

Labiodental:
Linguavelar:

A

Inferior orbicularis oris

Styloglossus & Palatoglossus

79
Q

The parietal bone is classified as a:

A

Cranial bone

80
Q

The cavity bounded by nares anteriorly and posteriorly by the nasopharynx is the:

A

nasal cavity

81
Q

The following are all facial bones:

  1. occipital, zygomatic, temporal
  2. parietal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae
  3. maxilla, sphenoid, mandible
  4. lacrimal, nasal, palatine
A

lacrimal, nasal, palatine

82
Q

The upper teeth are housed in the alveolar process of the _________ bone.

83
Q

Which of the following consist only of muscles that manipulate the velum:

  1. uvula, transverse, palatoglossus
  2. tensor veli palatini, vertical, superior constrictor
  3. levator veli palatini, genioglossus, stylopharyngeus
  4. palatoglossus, uvula, tensor veli palatini
A
  1. palatoglossus, uvula, tensor veli palatini
84
Q

The buccinator, when contracted

A

compresses the cheeks

85
Q

What are 2 phonemes produced with the orbicularis oris and lateral cricoarytenoid as movers?

86
Q

The _____ muscle can be used to lower the velum.

A

palatoglossus

87
Q

All of the following muscles are innervated by Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve) except:

  1. Levator veli palatini
  2. Palatoglossus
  3. Tensor veli palatini
  4. Uvula muscle
  5. All of the above are innervated by Cranial Nerve X.
A

Tensor veli palatini

88
Q

Select one of the anatomical differences (disorders) we discussed in the ‘clinical considerations’ module. How and why does that specific anatomical difference affect articulation? Be succinct, but complete.

A

Macroglossia is a condition where the tongue is too large for the oral cavity. this difference affects articulation, among other things, because if the tongue is too large, it will not be able to move very well inside the oral cavity. Without enough space, the tongue will be unable to articulate certain sounds and will block much of the airway.

89
Q

The phase of swallowing where the food is brought to the mouth, sucked, chewed, and mixed with saliva.

A

oral prepatory phase

90
Q

fancy word for chewing

91
Q

This method of assessing swallowing allows for visualization of function DURING swallowing.

A

videofluoroscopy

92
Q

a formed mass of liquid or food to ingest

93
Q

This process is limited to the placement of food in the mouth prior to swallow initiation (hint: includes the oral preparatory and oral phases).

94
Q

This method of assessing swallowing requires exposure to x-ray.

A

videofluoroscopy

95
Q

This method of assessing swallowing involves the ingestion of barium contrast

A

videofluoroscopy

96
Q

This method of assessing swallowing allows for the direct visualization of laryngeal structure and function for swallowing.

A

FEES

Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing

97
Q

The phase of swallowing where there is inversion of the epiglottis, hyolaryngeal elevation/excursion, and laryngeal closure

A

pharyngeal phase

98
Q

This method of assessing swallowing allows for scanning of the esophagus during swallowing.

A

videofluoroscopy

99
Q

When foreign material passes below the level of the vocal folds.

A

aspiration

100
Q

The term used for a “swallowing disorder.”

101
Q

The TWO phases of swallow which are largely considered to be controlled by involuntary processes:

A

pharyngeal phase

esophogeal phase

102
Q

When foreign material enters the airway, but remains above the level of the vocal folds.

A

penentration

103
Q

what are the muscles of forced expiration?

A

The internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, and external obliques are all muscles of forced expiration.

104
Q

The external oblique muscle is superficial to the transverse abdominal muscle
true or false

105
Q

Injury to T2-T5 may result in damage to the Phrenic Nerve.

106
Q

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

the phrenic nerve

107
Q

list the correct descending order of the vocal tract

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, carina, bronchi, alveoli

108
Q

The pleura lines the lungs.

A

visceral pleura

109
Q

The last cartilage of the trachea bifurcates (separates) at the

110
Q

the pelvic girdle consists of

A

the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx

111
Q

Which of the following muscles are the principal accessory muscles for forced inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, scalene muscle group, pectoralis minor

112
Q

The ribs attach to which of the following vertebrae:

113
Q

Describe the oral stage of swallowing

A
  1. Oral stage of swallowing:
    Posterior movement of the bolus
    a. Bolus squeezed back
    i. Ant – post. squeezing action through groove
    ii. Faucial arches
    b. Bolus held between tongue and soft palate (palatoglossus)
    c. Pharyngeal stage “triggered”
114
Q

the external intercostals

A

increase the size of the thoracic cavity when they contract

115
Q

describe the pharyngeal stage of swallowing

A

Pharyngeal stage of swallowing:

a. Base of tongue – PPW contact (PG, SG, Sup constrictor)
b. Soft palate closure
c. Hyolaryngeal elevation/excursion
d. Laryngeal closure
a. Vocal folds closed
b. Vestibule closes
c. Epiglottis inverts
e. “stripping” action by constrictors
f. UES relaxes/pulled open

116
Q
  1. FEES vs. VFES
A

describe this

117
Q

list swallowing complications

A 
 Penetration
 Aspiration
 Pneumonia
 Malnutrition
 Dehydration
 Negative Social impact
 Reductions in quality of life
118
Q

what muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?

A

No muscles are involved in quiet expiration. Recoil is the primary mechanism to reduced the dimensions of the thoracic cavity.

119
Q

a sarcomere is composed of

A

A sarcomere is comprised of actin and myosin

120
Q

what is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

Speech is not the primary biological function of the respiratory system. Gas exchange is the primary function.

121
Q

Injury to T2-T5 may result in damage to the Phrenic Nerve.

122
Q

The functional residual capacity of an individual includes his/her

A

residual volume.

123
Q

The lung-thorax unit is closest to equilibrium at 65% vital capacity.

124
Q

The pectoralis major, serrates anterior and scalene muscle do NOT all have attachments in the arm/shoulder

True or False?

125
Q

The only joint type containing an articulatory space is

A

A Synovial joint

126
Q

According to the neurochronaxic theory of voice production, each opening and closing of the vocal folds is due to separate nerve firing and muscle contractions

127
Q

Both the epiglottis and the thyroid cartilage are essential structures for phonation.

128
Q

The interarytenoid muscle is important for position and support of the larynx.

129
Q

The physical manifestation of intensity is pitch.

130
Q

The thyrovocalis muscle has an attachment at the muscular process of the arytenoid.

131
Q

Using a strobe light during laryngoscopy allows for visualization of the vocal folds vibrating.

132
Q

Flexible laryngoscopy allows for assessment of laryngeal function during conversational speech

133
Q

The omohyoid muscle is a suprahyoid muscle.

134
Q

he anterior digastric muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the larynx which is innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X).
True

False

135
Q

As mass per unit (or mass/length) increases, tension decreases, and fundamental frequency decreases.

136
Q

Which layer of the vocal fold is active (as opposed to passive)?

A

VOCALIS MUSCLE

137
Q

Which of the following vocal fold configurations would have a larger glottis?

VF abducted?
VF adducted?

A

VF ABducted

138
Q

Which is the space beneath the vocal folds extending to the first tracheal ring?

A

subglottal space

139
Q

The ____________________ is the part of the thyroid that arises from its lateral surface and projects superiorly, attaching indirectly to the hyoid bone.

A

superior cornu

140
Q

To increase loudness at very low fundamental frequencies, you need to increase:

A

glottal resistance

141
Q

The smallest part of a muscle organ that contracts is the

142
Q

What forces (including active and/or passive forces) are involved in the forced inspiration?

A

Speech breathing involves a forced inspiration followed by a prolonged and controlled expiration

143
Q

If you want to speak loudly at 60% vital capacity, what are the main forces at work?

A

expiratory muscles

144
Q

If you wanted to speak softly at 70% vital capacity, what are the main forces at work?

A

elasticity and inspiratory checking muscles

145
Q

The functional residual capacity of an individual includes his/her residual volume.

146
Q

Quiet inspiration is under autonomic control.

147
Q

The lung-thorax unit is closest to equilibrium at 65% vital capacity.

148
Q

The transverse plane divides the body into:

A

upper and lower

149
Q

Which type of muscle tissue attaches primarily to the skeletal system?

150
Q

When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure in the lungs, air flows the lungs according to Boyles Law.

151
Q

Which division of the pleura coats the thoracic cavity?

152
Q

Which plane of reference divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

153
Q

Hyaline cartilage is:

A

susceptible to ossification

154
Q

is the amount of air in the lungs after a maximum expiration.

A

residual volume

155
Q

The diaphragm is in a dome shaped position:

156
Q

Which of the following is a muscle used in active expiration:

A

Quadratus Lumborum

157
Q

The carina is considered part of the

A

lower airway

158
Q

Speech breathing involves a forced inspiration followed by a prolonged and controlled expiration.
a. What forces (including active and/or passive forces) are involved in the forced inspiration?

A

In forced inspiration, the external intercostals, diaphragm and the accessory muscles are used to increase the dimensions of the thoracic cavity. When the thoracic cavity increases, there is an increase in volume, resulting in less pressure than the atmosphere. A larger amount of air can then be taken in.

159
Q

The anterior portion of the hard palate is made up of what bone?

                  bone
160
Q

What bone is located at the base of the skull and articulates with the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones?

                bone
161
Q

What muscle functions to raise the back of the tongue and lower the soft palate?

                     muscle
A

palatoglossus

162
Q

What soft palate muscle is most important for the production of non-nasal sounds?

                 muscle
A

levator veli palatinie

163
Q

list the fibrous joints of the skull

A

coronal
sagittal
parietomastoid
lambdoidal

164
Q

List the primary muscle for tongue depression.

                    muscle
A

genioglossus

165
Q

What is a common muscle employed in the production of all the following sounds /k, d, b, s/?

                       muscle
A

levator veli palatini

Speech Anatomy Final (1 decks)

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