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A&P > Final Exam Questions > Flashcards

Final Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

List the levels of organization from smallest to largest.

A

Atoms> Molecules> Smooth muscle cell> Tissue level> organ level> organ system level> organismal level

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2
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

Describes the body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes

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3
Q

Define negative feedback mechanism and give an example

A

The response to the stimulus is to SHUT OFF the original stimulus or reduce its intensity. When the body is cold, the body heats itself up. When it reaches correct temperature, heating process shuts off.

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4
Q

Define “medial”

A

Towards the midline

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5
Q

Define “lateral”

A

Away from the midline of the body

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6
Q

Define “proximal”

A

Towards the origin of the limb

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7
Q

Define “distal”

A

away from the origin of the limb

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8
Q

List four properties that make water vital.

A

a) High heat capacity. Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before temperature drops. Keeps us warm.
b) Polarity/solvent properties. Excellent solvent.
c) Chemical reactivity. Important reactant in digesting food or break down molecules.
d) cushioning. Forms a cusion around brain and spine.

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9
Q

What is an acid? What is a base?

A

Substance that can release hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts. Proton donors. Base:proton acceptors. Releases hydroxyl ion OH-

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10
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

pH 7.4

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11
Q

What is a buffer?

A

Systems of 1 or 2 molecules that act to prevent dramatic changes in hydrogen ion (H+). They are first line of defense in resisting pH changes.

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12
Q

Know the difference between a carbohydrate, lipid, and protein.

A

Carb: sugar-based
Lipid: fat-based
Protein: amino-acid based.

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13
Q

What is the primary use of glucose in the human body?

A

Universal cellular fuel

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14
Q

What is DNA? What does it contain?

A

Genetic material found within cell nucleus. Provides instructions for building every protein in the body.

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15
Q

What is ATP and why is it important?

A

Provides a form of chemical energy that all body cells can use.

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16
Q

Describe the characteristics of a plasma (cell) membrane. What is its function?

A

Contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment.

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17
Q

What is the function of the cell nucleus?

A

The control center, headquarter of a cell. Contains the genes with DNA.

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18
Q

State the function of each of the following organelles: Mitochondria

A

Supply most of the ATP. “Powerhouse” of a cell

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19
Q

State the function of each of the following organelles: Ribosomes

A

The actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell.

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20
Q

State the function of each of the following organelles: Lyosomes

A

Membranouse “bags” containing powerful digestive enzymes

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21
Q

State the function of each of the following organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

ER. Accounts for about half of a cell’s membrane. . It serves as a minicirculatory system for the cell because it provides a network of channels for carrying substances.

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22
Q

What is the function of cilia

A

cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface. Propells other things. Ex: the ciliated cells of the respiratory system lining move mucus up and away from the lungs.

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23
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Propels the cell itself. Sperm’s tail

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24
Q

What is meant by selective permeability

A

A barrier allows some substances to pass thru it while excluding others.

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25
Q

Define: Diffusion

A

process by which molecules move away from a concentrated area to a less concentrated area.

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26
Q

Define: Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a permeable membrane.

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27
Q

Define: Filtration

A

process by which water and solutes are forced thru a membrane

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28
Q

Define: Active Transport

A

uses protein carriers to be transported across the membrane

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29
Q

Define: Phagocytosis

A

scavenger cells that eat bacteria and other foreign debris

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30
Q

What’s the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Mitosis: division of the nucleus occurs first. Makes an identical of the first cell.
Meiosis: for gametes (sex cells) only. Mixes between 2 sets of DNA from parents.

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31
Q

How are epithelial cells classified?

A

Lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body. It protects, absorbs, filters, and secretes. They are classified by identifying the relative number of cell layers and then its’ shape of the cell.

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32
Q

How is the function of simple epithelial cells different from stratified epithelial cells?

A

Simple: absorbs, secretes, and filters. Thin, so its not used for protection.
Stratified: Consists of 2+ layers. Primarily to protect.

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33
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

Lines only a few organs: bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra. They are “strectchy.”

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34
Q

What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Endocrine: lose their connection to the surface duct, so they are ductless. Their secretions go directly into the blood.
Exocrine: retain their ducts. Their secretions empty thru to the epithelial surface.

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35
Q

What are the 5 connective tissues?

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons and ligaments
  • Adipose tissue
  • Blood
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36
Q

Describe the unique characteristics of smooth muscle cells:

A

or VISCERAL muscle. Found in the walls of hollow organs like the stomach, uterus, and blood vessels.

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37
Q

Describe the unique characteristic of the skeletal muscle:

A

can be controlled voluntarily

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38
Q

Define the characteristics of the cardiac muscle

A

Found only in the heart

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39
Q

What is another name for the skin?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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40
Q

Where would you find a mucus membrane?

A

Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior such as organs of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

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41
Q

Where would you find the following serous membrane: Peritoneum

A

Abdominal cavity

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42
Q

Where would you find the following serous membrane: Pleura

A

Lungs

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43
Q

Where would you find the following serous membrane: Pericardium

A

Heart

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44
Q

Name the layers of the skin from the outermost to the innermost (include the hypodermis).

A

1) Epidermis
2) Dermis (Papillary layer, and then reticular layer)
3) Hypodermis

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45
Q

What is keratin? What is its’ function?

A

Tough protein. Hardened to help prevent water loss from the body surface. Keeps skin elastic.

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46
Q

What is melanin? What is its’ function?

A

Melanin is a pigment that ranges from yellow to brown to black. Shields DNA from damaging effets of UV.

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47
Q

Give an example of compact bone.

A

Tough bone on the outside that gives bones their rough exterior. (humerus)

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48
Q

Give an example of a Long Bone:

A

Has a shaft with heads at both ends. All bones of limbs (except knee, ankle, wrist.. are long bones)

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49
Q

Give an example of a flat bone:

A

thin, flattened. Skull, ribs, sternum

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50
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone:

A

The vertabrae

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51
Q

Give an example of a spongy bone

A

Soft part inside the bone

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52
Q

Give an example of a short bone

A

wrist, and ankles

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53
Q

What is the significance of the epiphyseal plate?

A

They cause the lengthwise growth of long bones

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54
Q

Explain what is found in the yellow bone marrow and the red bone marrow.

A

Yellow—fat

Red—makes red blood cells

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55
Q

Define: “osteocyte”

A

mature bone cells

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56
Q

Define: Osteoblast

A

bone-forming cells

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57
Q

Define: Osteoclast

A

Giant bone-destroying cells in bones

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58
Q

Define: Ossification

A

the overall process of bone formation

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59
Q

What two elements are needed for bone growth and remodeling?

A

Calcium and Vitamin D

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60
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

24

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61
Q
  1. What is the purpose of intervertebral disk?
A

Cushion the vertebrae and absorb shocks

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62
Q

Another name for “joint”?

A

Articulation

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63
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Lubricate joints

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64
Q

Compare and contrast smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle

A

Smooth—walls of organs and blood vessels; nonstriated
Skeletal—muscles that u can control; striated
Cardiac—heart; striated

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65
Q

What is a “sarcolemma”?

A

Plasma membrane that surrounds skeletal muscle cell

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66
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neron (nerve cell) may stimulate a few muscle cells. One neuron and all skeletal muscle cells it stimulates is called a motor unit.

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67
Q

What is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine, or ACh

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68
Q

What is an origin? An insertion?

A

Origin: point that is attached to the bone
Insertion: attached to the movable bone. The insertion moves towards the origin. Some muscles have interchangeable origin/insertion

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69
Q

Describe Flexion

A

decreases the angle of the joint and brings 2 bones close together. Bending the knee/elbow or bending forward at the hip

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70
Q

Describe Extension

A

opposite of flexion. Increases the angle. Such as straightening the knee or elbow

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71
Q

Describe Abduction

A

moving a limb away from the midline or median plane. Stretching your arm out to the side. Also applies to fingers/toes when they are moved apart.

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72
Q

Describe Adduction

A

Opposite of Abduction. Bring arm closer to body.

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73
Q

Describe Rotation

A

movement of a bone around it’s longitudinal axis. Usually ball-n-socket joint. Shaking your head “no.”

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74
Q

Describe Circumduction

A

proximal end is stationary, and distal end moves in a circle. Stretch out arm and make a small circle at 45degrees

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75
Q

Describe Inversion and Eversion

A

Inversion: Turn foot medially.
Eversion: turn foot laterally.

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76
Q

Describe “Supination” and “Pronation”

A

Supination: when the forearm rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly. Lift a cup of soup up to your mouth on your palm, you are “soup”-inating!

Pronation: Opposite of supination

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77
Q

Describe Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

A

Dorsiflexion: Toe points towards knee

Plantar flexion: Toe points towards ground

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78
Q

What is a Prime Mover? And what is an Antagonist?

A

Prime mover—The muscle that has the major responsibility for cuasing a particular movement is the prime mover.
Antagonists—the muscle that oppose or reverses a movement
Example: the biceps of the arm (prime mover of elbow flexion) is antagonized by the triceps (a prime mover of elbow extension)

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79
Q

What does the CNS stand for? And what does it consist of?

A

Central Nervous System. Brain and spinal cord

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80
Q

What does the (PNS) consist of?

A

peripheral nervous system. Cranial and spinal nerves

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81
Q
  1. What is an afferent neuron? An efferent neuron? What is another name for these?
A

Afferent (Sensory): nerves that send impulses to CNS

Efferent (Motor): From CNS to muscles and glands

82
Q

What is myelin, and what is its function?

A

Fatty insulating coverings, protects and insulates the nerve fibers and increases transmission rate of nerve impulse

83
Q

What’s the difference between white matter and gray matter? Which is myelinated?

A

White: myelinated
Grey: unmyelinated

84
Q

What happens to the cell membrane during depolarization and repolarization?

A

Depolarization: Sodium (NA+) rushes in. Outside is less positive
Repolarization: Sodium is back out of the nerve

85
Q

What happens at the synapse?

A

Neurotransmitter chemical crosses the synapse to transmit the signal from one neuron to the next

86
Q

Identify the 4 lobes of the brain:

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal, Occiptal

87
Q

What is the Broca’s area?

A

Involved in our ability to speak. Motor speech

88
Q

Function of the Thalamus

A

Station for sensory impulses

89
Q

Function of the Hypothalamus

A

Regulates body temp, water balance, and metabolism

90
Q

Function of the Limbic System

A

Emotional visceral brain. Drives emotions; thirst, appetite, sex, pain, pleasure

91
Q

Function of the Medulla Oblongata

A

Control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting and others.

92
Q

Function of the Cerebellum

A

Provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls our balance and equilibrium

93
Q

List 3 layers of the meninges from outermost to the innermost

A

a) dura mater
b) periosteal layer
c) meningeal layer

94
Q

What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

“rest and digest” system. (Remember the D’s: ) Digestion, Defecation, and Diuresis (urination)

95
Q

What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Remember the (E’s): Exercise, Excitement, Emergency, and Embarrassment

96
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves and what are their major functions?

A

I. Olfactory—Carries impulses for the sense of smell
II. Optic—impulses for vision
III. Oculomotor—controls muscles that move the eye. Also controls pupil size and eyelid
IV. Trochlear—Supplies motor fibers for one external eye muscle (superior oblique)
V. Trigeminal—sensory impulses from the skin of the face and the mucosa of nose/mouth; also motor fibers that activate chewing muscles.
VI. Abducens—supplies motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle, which rolls the eye laterally
VII. Facial—activates muscles of facial expression and salivary glands; sensory from taste buds of tongue
VIII. Vestibulocochlear—sense of balance, sense of hearing.
IX. Glossopharynggeal—motor fibers to the pharynx that promote swallowing and saliva production. Sensory from taste budsfrom posterior tongue
X. Vagus—sensory and motor for pharynx, larynx, abdominal; most are paraymphatetic: digestive and heart activity
XI. Accessory—motor fibers that activate neck/shoulder muscles to rotate head and shrug
XII. Hypoglossal—controls tongue movement

97
Q

What is the function of the Lacrimal Glands?

A

Release tears onto the surface of the eyeball thru small ducts

98
Q

What is the function of the Cornea?

A

Window of the sclera where light enters the eye

99
Q

What is the function of the Retina?

A

Light is focused onto the retina by the lens. This is where all the cones are located

100
Q

What is the function of the Lens?

A

Divides the eye into 2 segments/chambres. Focuses light onto the retina

101
Q

What is the function of the Pupil?

A

Pigmented Iris. Like the diaphragm of a camera; regulates amount of light entering

102
Q

What is meant by refraction?

A

When light passes thru another substance that has a different density, the light rays are bent.

103
Q

What is meant by “accommodation”?

A

The ability to focus on close objects (>20ft)

104
Q

What is the function of the external auditory canal?

A

Secrete earwax which provides sticky trap for foreign bodies and repels insects

105
Q

What is the function of the tympanic membrane

A

“Eardrum” causes vibration

106
Q

What is the function of the Organ of Corti

A

contains hearing receptors or hair cells

107
Q

What is the function of the Vestibular apparatus?

A

The equilibrium receptors of the inner ear

108
Q

What is an olfactory receptor (cell)?

A

Neurons equipped with olfactory hairs, long cilia that are layered in mucus.

109
Q

What is a gustatory receptor (cell)?

A

Responds to chemicals dissolved in saliva. It has microvilli, long gustatory hairs, that when stimulated, gives us “taste”

110
Q

Define “hormone”

A

Chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine cells to regulate metabolic activity of other cells in the body

111
Q

Explain the negative feedback mechanism that regulates blood levels of nearly all hormones.

A

The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.

112
Q

Which gland is called the “master gland”?

A

The pituitary because it regulates other glands

113
Q

Basic function of Growth hormone

A

grows skeletal muscles and long bones. It determines final body size.

114
Q

Basic function of Oxytocin

A

released only during childbirth and in nursing women. Stimulates powerful contractions of the uterine muscle during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding

115
Q

Basic function of Antidiuretic

A

chemical that inhibits urine production. ADH cuases kidneys to reabsorb water from the forming urine.

116
Q

Basic function of Thyroid hormone

A

known as the body’s major metabolic hormone.

117
Q

Basic function of Parathyroid hormone

A

aka “parathormone” is the most important regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood

118
Q

Basic function of Epinephrine

A

aka “adrenaline” Responsible for “fight/flight” instinct

119
Q

Basic function of Insulin

A

sweeps glucose out of the blood. Its effect is said to be hypoglycemic. It lowers glucose levels in the blood

120
Q

Basic function of Glucagon

A

does the opposite of insulin. Secretes glucose into the blood

121
Q

What determines the color of blood?

A

How much oxygen it is carrying determines color. Scarlet is because of oxygen-rich. Dull red if oxygen-poor.

122
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35- 7.45

123
Q

Define hematocrit

A

“blood fraction”

124
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells carry oxygen and supply it to the rest of the body.

125
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

helps with clotting blood so that an individual does not bleed out.

126
Q

What is the function of Leukocytes?

A

white blood cells that attack virus/bacteria that invades our body.

127
Q

What is the functino of hemoglobin in oxygen transport?

A

hemoglobins bond to oxygen molecule in the lungs and drops it off to the body.

128
Q

Hemoglobin contains what mineral?

A

Iron

129
Q

Where are blood cells produced?

A

Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, called the myeloid tissue.

130
Q

Define Hemostasis

A

hem- blood stasis- stand still. Blood standing still; clot.

131
Q

Define Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

132
Q

Define Embolus

A

A thrombus that broke away and floats freely in the blood stream

133
Q

Define Thrombus

A

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

134
Q

Define Anemia

A

a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells

135
Q

What blood type is the universal receiver?

A

AB+

136
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

O-

137
Q

What does it mean to be RH- or RH+

A

RH+ (Most Americans) means that their red blood cells carry the Rh antigen.
RH- antibodies are not automatically formed and present in the blood of Rh-

138
Q

List the layers of the heart from the outside in. Which layer contains the muscle?

A

Pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium. The myocardium is the layer containing the muscle.

139
Q

Trace the flow of blood through the heart, naming all of the structures the blood would pass through.

A

Superior/Inferior vena cavas into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, through the pulmonary semilunar valve, to the left pulmonary artery, which leads to the lungs, then pulmonary veins (back to heart), to the left atrium, pass the bicuspid valve, thru the aortic semilunar valve, to the artery, to the body, and back to the heart thru superior/inferior vena cava.

140
Q

Trace the conduction of the nerve impulses through the heart.

A

. Starts from the Sinoatrial node (SA) to the atrioventricular (AV) node, to the left and right AV bundle, and to the Purkinje fibers.

141
Q

What are arteries, veins, and capillaries?

A

–Arteries- Large “freeways” that go away from the heart. Thick.
–Veins- travels to the heart
–Capillaries—tiny network that gives oxygen to the body tissues, etc. It is drained by
the venules, which empty into veins.

142
Q

What do veins have that arteries do not have?

A

Veins have valves

143
Q

What does and EKG measure?

A

Traces the flow of current through the heart.

144
Q

What does blood pressure measure?

A

Pressure that is exerted against the inner walls of the blood vessels, and it is the force that keeps blood circulating continuously even between heartbeats.

145
Q

Define hypertension:

A

High blood pressure 140/90 or higher

146
Q

Define Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure below 100

147
Q

Define systole:

A

contraction of ventricle

148
Q

Define diastole:

A

relaxation of ventricle

149
Q

define tachycardia:

A

rapid heart rate (over 100 beats/min)

150
Q

Define bradycardia:

A

heart rate that is substantially slower than normal (less than 60 beats per min)

151
Q

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

A

Returns leaked plasma to the blood vessels after cleansing it of bacteria and other foreign matter. Also provides sites for surveillance by immune system cells.

152
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

153
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

They roam the body in blood and lymph. It engulfs a foreign particle.

154
Q

List the cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness, heat, swelling, and pain

155
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response

156
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Also referred to as immunoglobulins (or Igs) constitue the gamma globulin part of blood. They are formed in response to a huge number of different antigens.

157
Q

Trace the path of air from the point of inhalation to the alveolus, identifying the structures it passes through.

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and their smaller branches, lungs, and to the alveoli.

158
Q

Where does gas exchange occur between the lungs and the blood?

A

It is exchanged in the alveoli.

159
Q

What is surfactant?

A

A lipid produced by cuboidal cells. Surfactant coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces and is important in lung function.

160
Q

Define: Pulmonary Ventilation

A

Air goes in and out of lungs. A.k.a “breathing.”

161
Q

Define: External respiration

A

exchange of gas between pulmonary blood and alveoli

162
Q

Define: internal respiration

A

Gas exchanges that happens on the level of blood and tissue cells. Happens inside the body.

163
Q

What kind of cells transport oxygen?

A

Red blood cells; oxyhemoglobin

164
Q

Define: Eupnea

A

Normal respiratory rate. Between 12-15 respirations/min.

165
Q

Define hyperpnea

A

Pattern of breathing during exercise. Body breathes more vigorously and deeply, but the rate may not increase with exercise.

166
Q

Define: apnea

A

cessation of breathing

167
Q

Define: Hyperventilation

A

Rapid breathing that blows off carbon dioxide and decreases the amount of carbonic acid in the body

168
Q

Define hypoventilation

A

extremely slow/shallow breathing

169
Q

Define cyanosis

A

result of hypoxia; not enough oxygen in the body, so the skin turns bluish

170
Q

Trace the path of food from ingestion to defecation, identifying all organs it passes through.

A

Mouth
Esophagus (cardioesophageal sphincter)
Stomach (pyloric sphincter)
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve)
Large intestine (cecum & appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anus)

171
Q

Primary function of the Stomach

A

Temporary storage tank for food; site for food breakdown.

172
Q

Primary function of the Small Intestine

A

Body’s major digestive organ. Food absorption.

173
Q

Primary function of the Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foods.

174
Q

Primary function of the Liver:

A

Produces bile, which breaks down fat

175
Q

Primary function of the Large Intestine

A

Absorb the water and eliminate residue as feces.

176
Q

Carbohydrates are broken down into what?

A

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

177
Q

Proteins are broken down into what?

A

Amino Acids

178
Q

Lipids are broken down into what?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

179
Q

Define metabolism

A

Refers to all chemical reactions that are necessary to maintain life

180
Q

Define catabolism

A

Substances are broken down to simpler substances

181
Q

Define anabolism

A

large molecules or structures are built from smaller ones.

182
Q

Define basal metabolic rate

A

the amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time when it is under basal conditions—that, at rest.

183
Q

What is cellular respiration? What is its byproduct? What is the role of glucose?

A

Oxygen using events. Byproducts are CO2, and water. Glucose is the fuel used for making cellular energy (ATP).

184
Q

List the functions of the kidneys

A

Filter gallons of fluid from the bloodstream. Expel waste and keep the needed portions. Also regulate the blood’s volume and chemical makeup so that proper balance between water and salt and acid and bases are maintained. Produces rennin, which help regulate blood pressure. Also stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow. Kidney cells also convert vitamin D to its active form.

185
Q

Trace the filtrate from the glomerulus to the point at which is it is excreted as urine.

A 
Glomerulus
Golmerular capsule
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tuble
Collecting duct
Minor into Major Calix
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
186
Q

Define filtration:

A

nonselective, passive process in which fluid passes from the blood into the glomerular capsule part of the renal tubule.

187
Q

Define secretion

A

essentially tubular reabsorption in reverse

188
Q

Define reabsorption

A

Useful substances like water, glucose, amino acids, and ions are reclaimed and returned to the blood.

189
Q

define micturition

A

AKA “voiding.” the act of emptying the bladder

190
Q

Describe the normal components of urine, and what is typically not excreted.

A

Not excreted: glucose, protein

Throws out nitrogenous wastes and unneeded substances.

191
Q

What is the special type of epithelium found in the bladder?

A

It stretches for urine storage.

192
Q

Define “alkalosis”

A

An alkaline substance has a pH of 7.45 or higher

193
Q

Define acidosis

A

An acidic substance has a pH of 7.35 or lower

194
Q

What is the prostate gland, where is it located, and what is its function?

A

Located below the urinary bladder. It secrete a milky fluid that plays a role in activating sperm

195
Q

What are the testes, where they located, and what are their functions?

A

Located in scrotal sac. It produces sperm and testosterone

196
Q

What are the ovaries, where are they located, and what are their functions?

A

Produce ova (egg) and estrogens and progesterone.

197
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

Uterine tube

198
Q

What is the average length of the female menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

199
Q

Which hormones are responsible for the development of the male SECONDARY sex characteristics?

A

Androgen Testosterone

200
Q

Which hormones are responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

A&P (4 decks)

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