final exam psy

Question 1

the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as
threatening or challenging;
the mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the
environment

Answer 1

Stress

Question 2

– stress-causing events

Two basic kinds of stressors

Answer 2

Stressors

Question 3

an unpredictable event that happens on a large scale and
creates tremendous amounts of stress and feelings of threat,
such as tornados, hurricanes, and terrorist activities

Answer 3

Catastrophes

Question 4

positive and negative life changes and adjustments create
stress;
there are stress and adjustment scales in which scores are
associated with various changes and events that can occur
in a person’s life;

Answer 4

Major life changes

Question 5

stress is not as severe when a person has some control over

it;

Answer 5

Uncontrollability

Question 6

a stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between
competing and incompatible desires, goals, or actions;
four basic forms of conflict:

Answer 6

Conflict

Question 7

comes from being both attracted to
and repelled by the same goal or activity, such as taking a job you
like in a city you do not like

Answer 7

Approach-avoidance conflict

Question 8

two or more alternatives

with each containing attraction and repulsion

Answer 8

Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts

Question 9

a series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress;

occurs in three reliable stages:

Answer 9

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Question 10

bodily resources are mobilized to cope with the stressor;
the sympathetic nervous system is activated;
enduring stress may result in tension, stomachache,
headache, nausea, or other physical symptoms

Answer 10

. Alarm reaction

Question 11

body resources are exhausted and serious health
consequences occur, including emotional (anxiety,
irritability, mental fatigue), behavioral (avoidance,
neglect, self-destructive behavior), and physical
(weakened immune system leading to illness, high
blood pressure, exhaustion, over-reliance on
medication);
without a change in the level of stress, death may

Answer 11

Stage of exhaustion

Question 12

focuses on how our physical activities, psychological traits, and
social relationships affect our overall health and rate of illnesses

Answer 12

Health Psychology

Question 13

most people today in the U.S. die from lifestyle diseases, which
result from lifestyle choices and habits, such as heart disease,
stroke, AIDS, and lung cancer

Answer 13

Behavioral risk factors

Question 14

high levels of stress, untreated hypertension,
cigarette smoking, abuse of alcohol and other drugs, overeating, inadequate
exercise, unsafe sexual behavior, exposure to toxic substances, violence,
excessive sun exposure, reckless driving, and disregarding personal safety

Answer 14

Major behavioral risk factors

Question 15

smoking,
alcohol abuse, drug abuse, poor diet, insufficient exercise, and risky sexual
practices

Answer 15

The six behavioral risk factors related to 70% of all medical costs

Question 16

will likely affect your health, happiness, and life

expectancy for years to come.

Answer 16

Habits acquired by age 18 or 19

Question 17

People who are intellectually resourceful, compassionate, optimistic, and
nonhostile tend to

Answer 17

enjoy good health

Question 18

getting regular exercise, controlling
smoking and alcohol use, maintaining a balanced diet, getting good medical
care, and managing stress.

Answer 18

Health-promoting behaviors

Question 19

competitive, impatient, most likely tense, workaholic,
easily annoyed, some are hostile;
about twice as likely as Type B personalities to develop
heart disease or have a heart attack (research indicates
that the lethal factor seems to be hostility)

Answer 19

Type A personalities

Question 20

more relaxed, laid back approach to life and life’s
stressors, slow to anger, more peaceful

Answer 20

Type B personalities

Question 21

a group of traits associated with the development of
cancer, specifically the trait of being non-assertive

Answer 21

Type C personalities

Question 22

a group of traits associated with the development of

Depression

Answer 22

Type D personalities

Question 23

people who always tend to look for positive outcomes;
associated with longer life, increased immune-system
functioning, and more success in personal life endeavors

Answer 23

Optimists

Question 24

people who tend to expect the worst to happen;
in comparison with optimists, pessimists have a higher death rate,
more problems with physical and emotional health, more pain, less
ability to take part in social activities, and less energy

Answer 24

Pessimists

Question 25

lack of sufficient money to provide for the basic necessities of life lead to
many stressors, resulting in overcrowding, lack of medical care, increased
rates of disability, increased rates of illness, violence, and substance abuse

Answer 25

Poverty

Question 26

higher levels of work stress can lead to symptoms similar to the symptoms
from other sources of stress, and may lead to burnout

Answer 26

Job stress

Question 27

negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result
of prolonged stress or frustration, resulting in both mental and
physical exhaustion;

Answer 27

Burnout

Question 28

involves removing or substantially changing the stressor

Answer 28

Problem-focused coping

Question 29

involves modifying the interpretation of the stressor,
which may be accomplished by changing thinking errors
such as black and white thinking, all or nothing thinking,
catastrophic thinking, and “musterbation” thinking

Answer 29

. Emotion-focused coping

Question 30

scheduling enjoyable activities, spending
time with friends and family, making time for regular exercise, and utilizing
structured relaxation techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation and
meditation

Answer 30

. Manage the response to the stressor

Question 31

Less Effective Methods to Cope with Stress

Answer 31

Withdrawing from the stressor
Being aggressive toward the stressor
Using defense mechanisms

Question 32

a desire is redirected toward a safer and more acceptable

activity

Answer 32

Displacement

Question 33

a desire is redirected toward an activity particularly valued by
society

Answer 33

Sublimation

Question 34

projecting our motives and desires onto others

Answer 34

Projection

Question 35

transforming unacceptable desires into acceptable

ones

Answer 35

Reaction formation

Question 36

changing one’s reaction to one of earlier years or to one of a
less demanding situation

Answer 36

Regression

Question 37

justifying one’s behavior by giving highly logical reasons for it

Answer 37

Rationalization

Question 38

unconsciously preventing disturbing or painful thoughts from
entering awareness

Answer 38

Repression

Question 39

conscious refusal to consider an upsetting reality

Answer 39

Denial

Question 40

being coolly logical and impersonal when an emotional

reaction is appropriate

Answer 40

ntellectualization

Question 41

fulfilling unmet desires through imagined activities

Answer 41

Fantasy

Question 42

the daily annoyances of everyday life

Answer 42

hassles

Question 43

a negative emotional state that occurs when people are blocked or prevented from reaching a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived
need;

Answer 43

Frustration

Question 44

which occurs when people experience unpleasant

stressors

Answer 44

distress

Question 45

which occurs when people experience unpleasant

stressors

Answer 45

pressure

Question 46

comes from having to choose
between two positive, or desirable, alternatives, such as at an ice
cream shop having to decide which one of your two favorite flavors
you will order;

Answer 46

Approach- avoidance conflict

Question 47

comes from having to choose
between two negative, or undesirable, alternatives, such as the
choice between going to the dentist with a painful toothache or
remaining in pain;

Answer 47

Avoidance- avoidance conflict