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NURS 371 > Final Exam Prep > Flashcards

Final Exam Prep Flashcards

1
Q

This consists of laws, regulations, reporting mechanisms, and data collection as essential components of disease outbreak investigation. It is used to assess public health status, define public health priorities, plan public health programs, evaluate interventions and programs, and stimulate research.

A

Public health surveillance

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2
Q

Illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins which spread through direct or indirect transmission.

A

Communicable disease

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3
Q

A type of epidemiology which focuses on person, place, and time variables to describe disease patterns.

A

Descriptive epidemiology

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4
Q

A type of epidemiology which examines complex relationships among the determinants of a disease. Determines why disease rates may be lower in one population compared to another.

A

Analytic epidemiology

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5
Q

A model developed to identify causative factors, transmission, and risk related to infectious disease. The three components are: environment, agent, and host.

A

Epidemiological triangle

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6
Q

A model reflecting complex interaction of factors which can increase or decrease the risk of disease.

A

Web of causality

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7
Q

The number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular cause.

A

Mortality rate

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8
Q

The proportion of patients with a particular disease during a given year per given unit of population.

A

Morbidity rate

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9
Q

The number of new cases or events in a population at risk during a specified time.

A

Incidence rate

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10
Q

The number of existing cases in a given population.

A

Proportion rate

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11
Q

What are the five characteristics of an infectious agent?

A 
Infectivity
Pathogenicity
Virulence
Toxicity
Antigenicity
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12
Q

The ability of a disease to enter and multiply in a host.

A

Infectivity

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13
Q

The ability of a disease to produce a specific clinical reaction after the infection occurs.

A

Pathogenicity

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14
Q

The ability of a disease to produce a severe pathological reaction.

A

Virulence

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15
Q

The ability of a disease to produce a poisonous reaction.

A

Toxicity

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16
Q

The ability of a disease to produce an immunological response.

A

Antigenicity

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17
Q

The ability of a disease to penetrate and spread throughout a tissue.

A

Invasiveness

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18
Q

A species-determined, innate resistance to an infectious agent. Ex: Opossums rarely contract rabies.

A

Natural immunity

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19
Q

Resistance by a host, as a result of previous natural exposure to an infectious agent. Ex: Having measles once protects you from future infection.

A

Acquired immunity

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20
Q

The immunization of an individual by administration of an antigen. Characterized by the presence of an antibody produced in the individual host. Ex: Vaccination for childhood diseases.

A

Active immunization

21
Q

The immunization through the transfer of a specific antibody from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual. Often the immunity is fast acting but short lived. Ex: Antibody transfer through breast feeding or other preparation.

A

Passive immunity

22
Q

Immunity of a group or community.

A

Herd immunity

23
Q

What are the 5 modes of transmission?

A 
Vertical
Horizontal
Indirect
Vector-borne
Airborne
24
Q

When pathogens are transferred from parent to offspring in an egg or sperm, across the placenta, in breast milk, or in the birth canal. Ex: Syphilis and gonorrhea

A

Vertical transmission

25
Q

When pathogens are transferred by shaking hands, kissing, touching sores, or having sexual contact.

A

Horizontal transmission

26
Q

When transfer of pathogens occurs on non-living objects which can harbor and transmit an infectious agent. Ex: Handkerchiefs, dishes, eating utensils.

A

Indirect transmission

27
Q

When a pathogen is capable of traveling more than 1m through the air, which can cause rapid disease transmission in crowded areas.

A

Airborne transmission

28
Q

When a pathogen is spread through another living organism, most often arthropods, ticks, fleas, flies, lice, and mosquitoes.

A

Vector-borne transmission

29
Q

What is in the “Chain of Transmission”?

A

A reservoir containing the agent
A mode of transmission
A susceptible host with portals of entry

30
Q

Refers to the entry, development, and multiplication of the agent in the susceptible host.

A

Infection

31
Q

One of the possible outcomes of infection and may indicate a physiological dysfunction or pathological reaction.

A

Disease

32
Q

The time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease.

A

Incubation period

33
Q

The interval during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person.

A

Communicable period

34
Q

The constant presence of a disease within a geographic area or a population.

A

Endemic

35
Q

The occurrence of a disease in a community or region in excess of normal expectancy.

A

Epidemic

36
Q

An epidemic occurring world wide and affecting large populations.

A

Pandemic

37
Q

The proportion of persons who are exposed to an agent and develop the disease. Ex: the proportion of people who become ill after eating a specific food item.

A

Attack rate

38
Q

This disease is characterized by fits of numerous, rapid coughs; vomiting and exhaustion may occur after coughing fits.

A

Pertussis (Whopping cough)

39
Q

What is the “Window Period” when HIV antibodies are detectable?

A

Most within 3 months
Average is 25 days
Rare cases up to 6 months

40
Q

What are the diagnostic tests used for HIV?

A

ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay)
Western Blot
CD4 count

41
Q

What can result in a false positive for ELISA (HIV) tests?

A

Recent influenza or HepB vaccination
Multiparous women
Multiple blood transfusions

42
Q

This stage of HIV includes:

  • Laboratory confirmation
  • CD4 T-lymphocyte count of >500cells/microliter or percentage of >29
  • No AIDS-defining condition and absence of clinical evidence
A

Stage 1

43
Q

This stage of HIV includes:

  • Laboratory confirmation
  • CD T-lymphocyte of200-499cells/microliter or percentage of 14-28
  • No AIDS-defining condition and absence of clinical evidence
A

Stage 2

44
Q

This stage of HIV includes:

  • Laboratory confirmation
  • CD4 T-lymphocyte count of <14
  • AIDS defining condition
A

Stage 3

45
Q

This stage of HIV includes:

  • Laboratory confirmation
  • No information on CD4 T-lymphocyte count or percentage
  • No information on presence of AIDS-defining conditions
A

Stage Unknown

46
Q

What are opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?

A
  • Mycobacterium avium (MAC); Bacteria and mycobacteria
  • Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex; viral
  • Pneumocystis carinii (pneumonia), cryptosporidium )Watery diahhrea); protozoan
  • Candida, cryptococcosis (pneumonia and meningitis), histoplasmosis (pneumonia); Fungal
  • Karposi’s sarcoma; HIV related cancer
47
Q

What does the environmental health assessment tool IPREPARE stand for?

A 
I_Investigate potential exposure
P_Present work
R_Residence
E_Environmental concerns
P_Past work
A_Activities
R_Referrals and Resources
E_Educate
48
Q

What are the types of disasters?

A

Natural and man-made

NURS 371 (1 decks)

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