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SOC 201 > final exam prep > Flashcards

final exam prep Flashcards

1
Q

sociology

A

the systematic study of society

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2
Q

sociological perspective

A

seeing the general in the particular / Ability to “see general patterns of society in the lives of particular people.”

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3
Q

society

A

people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture

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4
Q

social structure

A

any relative stable pattern of social behavior

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5
Q

social change

A

the transformation of culture and social institutions over time

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6
Q

theory

A

a statement on how and why specific facts are related

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7
Q

theoretical approach

A

a basic image of society that guides thinking and research

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8
Q

empirical evidence

A

information we can verify with our senses

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9
Q

research method

A 
systematic plan for doing research.
types:
survey
participant observation
using existing sources
experiments
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10
Q

experiment

A

a research method to investigating cause and effect under certain circumstances

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11
Q

reliability

A

consistency in measurement

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12
Q

correlation

A

relationship in which two variables change together

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13
Q

individualism

A

the conception that all values, rights, and duties originate in individuals

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14
Q

socialization

A

the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

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15
Q

personality

A

persons fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.

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16
Q

the self

A

part of the personality composed of “self awareness” and “self image”

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17
Q

gender

A

the personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being “female” or “male”

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18
Q

agents of socialization

A

family
school
peer-group
mass media

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19
Q

social interaction

A

the process by which people act and react

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20
Q

dramaturgical analysis

A

the study of social interactions in terms of theatrical performance

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21
Q

culture

A

the ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together forma a peoples way of life

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22
Q

subculture

A

cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a societies population

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23
Q

social construction of reality

A

the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

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24
Q

nature vs nurture

A
  1. biological scientific view (nature) - instinctual / born with
  2. social scientific view (nurture) - experience determine / learned

both, nature/nurture, part of HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

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25
Q

sex vs gender

A
  1. “Sex” refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women. “down there”
  2. “Gender” refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. “Heart and brain”
26
Q

sociological imagination

A

the capacity to shift from one perspective to another. the understanding that social outcomes are based on what we do. understanding that some things in society may lead to a certain outcome.

27
Q

heterosexism

A

an ideology that casts non-heterosexuals as deviant

28
Q

heteronormativity

A

the cultural assumption that everyone is heterosexual

29
Q

homophobia

A

discomfort over close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual

30
Q

deviance

A

the recognized violations of cultural norms

31
Q

social control

A

attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior

32
Q

social stratification

A

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy based on 4 principles:

a. is a trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences.
b. carries over from generation to generation
c. universal but variable
d. involves not just inequality, but beliefs.

33
Q

income

A

earnings from work or investments.

34
Q

social mobility

A

a change in position within the social hierarchy.

35
Q

ideology

A

cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of social inequality.

36
Q

meritocracy

A

a. social stratification based on merit.
b. the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.

37
Q

caste system

A

a system whereby social stratification is based on ascription, or birth.

38
Q

class system

A

social stratification based on both birth and achievement.

39
Q

wealth

A

the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debt.

40
Q

gender

A

the personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being female or male.

41
Q

gender stratification

A

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women.

42
Q

power

A

the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others.

43
Q

agency

A

the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.

44
Q

ethnicity

A

a shared cultural heritage.

45
Q

race

A

a. a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
b. a creation of culture that reflects social distinctions and power.
c. a symbolic category based on phenotype or ancestry constructed according to specific social and historical contexts, that is misrecognized as a natural category.

46
Q

traditional racism

A

the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another.

47
Q

ideology

A

cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements and patterns of inequality.

48
Q

genocide

A

systematic killing of one category over another.

49
Q

segregation

A

they physical and social separation of categories of people.

50
Q

new racism

A

imbedded in society and inequality is “naturally” reproduced. more covert that traditional racism’s overtness.

51
Q

social institutions

A

major spheres of social life or societal subsystems organized to meet human needs.

a. economy
b. education
c. politics

52
Q

economy

A

the social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

a. primary - agriculture
b. secondary - industry
c. ternary - service

53
Q

deindustrialization

A

the decline of industrial production that occurred in the US after about 1950.

54
Q

globalization

A

expansion of economic activity around the world with little regard to borders.

55
Q

politics

A

the social institution that distributes power, sets societies goals, and makes decisions.

56
Q

government

A

a formal organization that directs the political life of a society.

57
Q

democracy

A

a political system that gives power to the people as a whole.

58
Q

power elite

A

a small collection of individuals and their families that includes top military officials, heads of corporations, and top political leaders.

59
Q

special interest groups

A

people organized to address some economic or social issue.

60
Q

lobbyists

A

people employed by special interest groups to support their goals.

SOC 201 (1 decks)

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