Final Exam Prep Flashcards
1
Q
What is the purpose of orthotics?
A
-Control abnormal compensatory movements by the foot
-Create a biomechanical balanced kinetic chain by controlling/reducing pathologic motion in the foot and leg by maintaining the foot in or close to subtalar neutral position
2
Q
What movement can knee valgus create at the foot?
A
Over pronation
3
Q
What movement can knee varus create at the foot?
A
Over supination
4
Q
What combined movements create pronation?
A
-Eversion
-Abduction
-Dorsiflexion
-Internally rotated subtalar joint
5
Q
What combined movements create supination?
A
-Inversion
-Adduction
-Plantar flexion
-Externally rotated subtalar joint
6
Q
What joints make up the hindfoot?
A
-Talocrural joint
-Subtalar joint
7
Q
What joints make up the midfoot?
A
-Tarsometatarsal joint
-Calcaneocuboid joint
-Talonavicular joint
8
Q
What joints make up the forefoot?
A
First MTP joint
9
Q
What can over pronation in closed chain cause?
A
-Problems up the kinetic chain
-Anterior pelvic tilt
-Internal rotation of femur
-Valgus knee
-Internal rotation of tibia and fibula
-Medial rotation of talus
-Adduction and plantar flexion of talus
-Calcaneal eversion
10
Q
What can over supination in closed chain cause?
A
-Posterior pelvic tilt
-External rotation of femur
-Knee varus
-External rotation of tibia and fibula
-Adduction and dorsiflexion of talus
-Calcaneal inversion
11
Q
What disease in children causes knee varus?
A
Rickett’s or kidney disease
12
Q
What is knee adduction moment (KAM)? What does it cause?
A
-Knee adduction moment occurs during gait, the leg produces an adduction moment that places the knee into varus
-Causes compressive forces across the medial compartment of the knee
13
Q
What percentage of weight bearing forces pass through the medial compartment of the knee during gait?
A
60-70%
14
Q
What causes KAM?
A
Ground reaction forces
15
Q
What phases of stance phase does KAM peak in?
A
-Loading response
-Late stance
16
Q
What happens to KAM during abnormal knee varus?
A
-It increases
-Causes increased forces on the medial knee
17
Q
What types of foot orthoses are there?
A
-Heel cup cushion
-Heel lift
-Wedge
18
Q
What are orthotics?
A
-Lower extremity supportive apparel that provides soft tissue protection, bone/joint stability and control of body segment motion
-They play a role in nonoperative foot and ankle pathology
19
Q
What is the overall static and dynamic functions of orthotics?
A
-Static: rigid device, supports body segment in fixed position
-Dynamic: mobile device, permits body segment motion
20
Q
What are the principles of orthotics?
A
-Patient-related (easy to don and doff)
-Soft tissue: not break down skin
-At risk diagnoses (diabetics, neuropathy)
-Tolerant to compression and shear forces
-Functional level of patient
21
Q
What are some other uses for foot othoses?
A
-Helpful in treating painful foot and lower extremity pathologies
-Plantar fasciitis
-Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction
-Rheumatoid arthritis
-Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
-Patellofemoral syndrome
-Hemophilia A
22
Q
What is a UCBL? Where was it developed? What conditions is it used for?
A
-An orthotic for significant issues such as arthritis and hypotonia
-Holds the calcaneus in a neutral position
-Used for significant pronation
-University of California Berkeley Lab
23
Q
How do the trim lines effect the orthotic?
A
The higher trim lines are, the more control there is of the calcaneus
24
Q
What team members are involved in lower limb gait orthoses? What are their roles?
A
-MD: medications for spasticity, considerations for e-stim, long term prognosis
-Orthotist: offers orthotic possibilities
-PT: gait mechanics, determines greatest need/problems, stability vs mobility, joint integrity
-Family members: support
25
What are the steps to assess the need of an ankle orthotic?
-Assess gait deviation
-Assess if it can provide protection from injury
26
What is a standard AFO? What is it typically used for?
-Standard ankle-foot orthotic
-Used for drop foot
27
What conditions are AFO's widely prescribed for?
-Weakness
-Stroke
-Cerebral palsy
-Head injury
-Peripheral neuropathy
-Alignment
-Spinal cord injury
-Progressive disease
28
What principles does every orthotic use?
Force principles are used to accomplish the goals of its design
29
When is an orthosis most comfortable?
-Pressure is distributed equally (force/area)
-When direction of primary force and direction of counterforces are controlled
30
What AFO's are available off the shelf? What are the disadvantages of off the shelf AFO's?
-Standard AFO
-Leaf spring AFO
-They are not personalized/fitted for each specific person
31
What is a leaf spring AFO? What is it used for?
-Mass produced orthotic
-Dynamic thermoplastic AFO
-Supports the weight of the foot during swing phase as a means of enhancing swing limb clearance
-Assists with controlled lowering of the foot during loading response in stance as part of the heel rocker
32
What is a step smart AFO?
Has a posterior shell
32
What are common causes of foot drop?
-Peripheral neuropathy (common fibular nerve)
-Fracture of knee or fibular head
-Knee dislocation
-Crossing your leg
-Weight loss (can now cross legs which puts pressure on common fibular nerve)
-Bed rest
-MS
-Stroke or CVA
-Myositis
33
What is a dorsiflexion assist brace?
-Lightweight
-Carbon fiber
-Stiff with energy storage in shell
-Enhances plantar flexion power
34
What is a solid AFO?
-More solid structure
-Resists plantar flexion during swing phase
-Fulcrum applied at anterior ankle
-Counterforce upward under the metatarsal heads and a proximal counterforce at the posterior proximal surface of AFO
-Has larger trim lines that allows for more tibial control
-Supports calcaneus
-Wider control of the footplate to control inversion or eversion
35
How does a solid AFO hold the foot?
-0 degrees of dorsiflexion
-Subtalar and calcaneal neutral
-Balanced forefoot
36
What are the disadvantages of a solid AFO?
-Biomechanically interferes with transitions through all three ankle rockers
-Loses toe off
-Prevents controlled lowering of the foot during LR
-Prevents forward progression of tibia during stance phase
37
When should solid AFO's be used? Why?
They should only be used if someone has a very poor prognosis and will not get better, because it prevents a lot of movement that is needed for proper gait
38
What is the time frame that stroke patients should be out of bed? Why?
Getting stroke patients out of bed within 24-48 hours significantly improves their outcomes
39
What is the difference between orthopedic and neurologic gait?
Orthopedic
-Muscular strains
-Ligament sprains and tears
-Pain
-Tendon pathology
-Soft tissue injury
-Joint pathology
Neurologic
-Peripheral nerve pathology or injury
-Guillan Barre
-CNS: synergies, ataxia, spasticity
40
What are gait impairments in neurologic disorders?
-Abnormal tone
-Loss of selective motor control (synergy, ataxia)
-Sensory loss: proprioception and tactile
-Abnormal alignment
-Poor balance or postural control
-Contractures (gastroc, soleus)
-Decreased gait speed
-Impaired cognition
-Timing of muscular activation/co-activation
-Lack of visual awareness/ability to scan
41
Where should the therapist stand when guarding a patient with a neurological disorder? Why?
On the patients involved side, because that is the side they will fall to
42
When should gait training be initiated with a patient with a neurological disorder?
-Ability to stand and partial weight bear on involved limb
-Ability to understand and follow directions
-Has head and trunk control
-Has protective responses
-If they are unable to bear weight/properly load involved limb, they can start with parallel bars
-Can use a cane
43
What is a problem that patients with CVA typically have during initial contact?
Loss of heel contact
44
What is a problem that patients with CVA typically have during loading response?
Knee wobbles
45
What is a problem that patients with CVA typically have during midstance?
Knee hyperextension
46
What is a problem that patients with CVA typically have during terminal stance?
Loss of hip extension
47
What is a problem that patients with CVA typically have during toe off/push off?
-No heel off
-No knee flexion
48
What is a problem that patients with CVA typically have during initial and mid swing?
Lack of knee flexion
49
What is a problem that patients with CVA typically have during terminal swing?
-Loss of hip flexion
-Loss of knee extension
-Loss of dorsiflexion
50
What do problems with gait in patients with CVA typically result in?
-Reduced step and stride length
-Increased cadence
-Changes in step width
51
What should be included when writing notes for gait?
-Level of assistance for sit to stand and gait
-Assistive device used
-Description of gait after observational analysis
-Problem statement for the three major areas of gait: weight acceptance (WA), single leg stance (SLS), single leg advancement (SLA)
-Most likely cause of gait deviation i.e. lack of selective motor control
52
What are the most important determinants of gait in persons with CVA?
-Single leg stance on affected side: duration of stance on affected limb increases contralateral step length
-Single limb advancement: knee flexion during mid swing allows for foot clearance and prevents swing limb deviations
-Plantar flexion range of motion: good push/toe off
-Standing balance
53
What are gait characteristics in people with Parkinson's disease?
-Reduced step length
-Amplitude of arm swing: earliest gait deviation
-Interlimb asymmetries
-Increased duration in double time
-Reduced gait width
-Shuffling steps/festinating gait
-Freezing of gait
54
What patient population should PT's NOT perform a gait analysis with? Why?
-People with Huntington's disease
-Because they do not have a consistent gait pattern
55
What is pediatric gait terminology?
-Scissoring gait
-Crouch walking
-Hyperextension/low tone
-Toe walking (no CNS injury)
-Equinus gait
56
What is equinus gait?
-Unable to effectively bear weight
-Does not possess balance or postural control
-Toe walking due to weakness or abnormal tone
-Forefoot contact throughout gait pattern
-Hip internal rotation
-Tibial torsion
57
What is the Taub and Berman study?
-Constraint induced or forced use
-Forced use of a sensory deprived animal by constraining the other limb
-Conclusion: rehab should include engaging the affected limb in activities
58
What is the Forssberg study?
-Muscles of cats with transected spinal cords have the same activity as normal cats
-The cats were still recruiting motor units
-Conclusion: lower limb activity can be activated under certain situations
59
What is the Sherrington neural control of walking study?
-Severed the spinal cord of cats
-Hind limbs continued alternating movements
-Conclusion: we do not need influence of higher brain centers to walk
-Sensory information was eliminated in monkeys
-Conclusion: removing the sensory input in both side resulted in the same alternating pattern
60
What motor tasks does the emergence of walking involve?
-Strength sufficient for the support of body weight: ground reaction forces, stability before mobility
-Stable enough to compensate for balance shifts: maturation of the balance system
-Adaptations to uneven surfaces
61
What is involved in prenatal to postnatal stepping?
-Infants kick or step in utero
-At birth, elicit stepping pattern
-Disappears at 2 months: reappears at the start of walking, continues kicking in supine
-Same pattern in standing
62
What is the progression from stability to mobility in the emergence of walking?
-Standing with assistance
-Mobility with two hands holding onto something
-Standing alone
-Independent mobility
63
What is the average time frame for the emergence of walking in infants? When is walking considered delayed?
-Infants begin to walk without assistance from 9-15 months
-Motor delay in gait is at 18 months
64
How does myelination occur in infants? What age does the myelin reach the lower limbs? How does this effect gait emergence?
-Myelination occurs from caudal to distal (head to legs)
-At 9 months it reaches the lower limbs
-This plays a critical factor in gait emergence
65
What gait factors/components are developed in the first year?
-Locomotion pattern (CPG): innate
-Postural control in standing (at tabletop)
-Motivation and navigation toward a distant object
-Standing on one leg: stance phase stability
-High guard posture
66
What are components necessary for gait emergence?
-Motor production: stabilization, force or power
-Central pattern generation
-Dissociation of limbs
-Balance or postural control
-Intact sensory system: vision, vestibular, somatosensory (tactile and proprioception)
67
What are the sensory contributions to emergence of gait?
-Vision
-Visual optic flow
-Stabilizing head: vision vertical
-Vestibular system
-Postural control
-Somatosensory/proprioception
68
Why is vision an important sensory contribution for walking?
-Balance and steering
-Avoiding obstacles
69
Why is somatosensory/proprioception an important sensory contribution for walking?
-Provides feedback of body awareness
-Tactile feedback from ground
70
What do the first steps look like for infants learning to walk?
-High step pattern
-Wide base of support
-No push off
-Knees flexed at stance
-UE: no arm swing and high guard (arms out)
-Short steps
-Synchronized pattern in legs
-Waddling pattern
71
What is synchronization in gait?
Joints moving simultaneously
72
What is dissociation in gait?
Joints moving individually
73
How does an immature pattern of primary stepping in infants develop over time?
-Gradual emergence of normal gait
-The joints demonstrate increasing complexity and go from synchronization to dissociation
-Controlled falls: infants lean forward when walking
74
What is a posture typically seen in infants who are learning how to walk?
Forward center of mass (leaning forward)
75
How long does it typically take after initial emergence of walking for infants to develop dissociation of their joints?
4.5 months after first steps
76
How do infants usually fall when walking?
-Forward with hands extended
-Backwards on bottom
77
What age are children typically able to control single leg stance?
At one year they have about 32% control of single leg stance
78
What age are children able to change directions?
15-18 months
79
When does a heel strike typically develop?
2 years
80
What happens with gait between the ages of 3-7?
Gait matures with small improvements until around age 7
81
When does the center of mass stabilize and kids develop an adult gait pattern?
Between 7-10 years old
82
What are other skills associated with walking?
-Avoiding obstacles
-Protective responses
-Distance
-Navigation
-Cognitive processing and dual task emergence
83
What does stretching of the hip flexors during trailing limb and loading the limbs provide?
-More sensory contributions
-Trailing limb activates flexors for forward limb advancement
-Step length, appropriate frequency
-Loading the limbs activates pressure sensors
84
What happens to muscle mass after the age of 60?
-Significant muscle loss occurs after the age of 60
-Fast fatigable fibers are lost first
-May lead to sarcopenia in the elderly
85
What occurs during atrophy from simple disuse?
-Protein breakdown stays the same
-Protein synthesis goes down
-Reduced mechanical load leads to decrease in muscle mass/size of muscle fibers
-Reduced mechanical load anabolic resistance
86
What occurs during atrophy due to sarcopenia?
-Aging induced anabolic resistance
-Low grade, chronic inflammation
-Longer term inactivity
-Protein breakdown goes up
-Protein synthesis goes down
87
What can be done to minimize the loss of muscle mass in the elderly?
-Staying active
-Lifting weights
88
What can sarcopenia do?
It can lead to loss of mobility
89
What does muscle turn into when it atrophies/is not used anymore?
It turns to fat
90
What happens to the spine as we age? What can be done to minimize/prevent this?
-Loss of vertebral body height
-Increased risk of fracture
-Can be reversed or reduced with exercise
91
What happens to tactile and cutaneous receptors as we age?
-We lose tactile and cutaneous receptors
-Can be caused by diseases such as type II diabetes, peripheral nerve damage, or stroke
-Age
-Loss of fine touch sensation
-Loss of heart and cold sensation
-Loss of pain perception
92
What can be the cause of losses in the visual system?
-Loss of visual acuity
-Loss of ability to see far distances
-Can be caused by type II diabetes, retinal damage, macular degeneration, glaucoma
93
What happens in vestibular disuse in the elderly?
-Vestibular is a use it or lose it system
-Elderly show a loss of quick acceleration in movement
-Loss of cervical rotation
-Forward head posture
-Forward trunk posture
-Lose protective responses
94
What happens when elderly have dulled protective responses?
-Reduced ankle and hip strategies
-Reduced speed of protective arm extension (parachute response)
-20-30% lead to head injuries
95
What is decreased gait speed associated with? What happens to gait speed as we age?
-A higher fall risk
-Dementia/cognitive decline
-Gait speed decreases significantly as we age
96
What can help reduce the amount of cognitive decline?
Aerobic exercise
97
What is principle 5 of the APTA geriatric guide to practice?
Prioritize physical activity to promote health, well-being, chronic disease management, and enhance mobility
98
What are kinetics?
Internal and external forces
99
What are kinematic measurements of gait?
-Gait phases
-Range of motion
-Muscle activity
100
What are the spatial temporal factors of gait?
-Velocity
-Step length
101
What are 2 dimensional gait analysis techniques?
-Surface mat embedded with sensors
-Markers for 2D gait analysis
102
What are graphs in gait analyses used for? Which measures are kinetics and which are kinematics?
-Joint ROM (kinematics)
-Ground reaction forces (kinetics)
-Power and moments (kinetics)
-Each provide a different attribute of gait
103
What measurements does the Zeno mat and Protokinetics software provide?
-GAME lab 2D analysis
-Provides spatial-temporal output kinematics
-Visual video of footprints
104
How is a 3D gait analysis done?
-Taking 3D body kinematics
-Position, velocity, and acceleration
-Ground reaction forces, joint moments, power (kinetics)
-Uses force plates, EMG sensors, and cameras
105
Are ground reaction forces kinetics or kinematics? Is it an internal or external force?
-Kinetics
-External force
106
What are joint moments? Are they internal or external?
-Amount of force needed to cause rotation around a joint
-Internal and external moments
107
Is power a measure of kinetics or kinematics? How is it measured?
-Kinetics
-Power= force/time
-Concentric and eccentric power
-Used in 3D gait analysis
108
What are the joint moments during gait? When do internal moments occur? When do external moments occur?
-During walking, the body accepts greater moments/forces during stance phase
-Internal moments: created by the contraction of the muscle, joint ligaments, and fascia
-External moments: created by the landing surface (ground reaction forces)
109
What are the purpose of the internal joint moments?
To counteract the forces from the ground
110
Why does each joint create a moment?
-Stabilize/control stance phase
-Produce movement
111
How are internal moments measured through the gait cycle? What do negative and positive values mean?
-Measured in percentage of Newtons/body weight
-Negative values mean flexor moments
-Positive values mean extension moments
112
What do extensor moments do?
Provide support for the body on the surface
113
What do flexor moments do?
Provide force to pull away from the surface
114
When are the ground reaction forces the highest during stance?
-During foot flat contact after heel strike
-Second highest during heel-off right before toe off
115
How is power defined in gait kinetics?
-Power is energy/time
-Greater power is created when it is performed in a shorter time frame
-Power is created concentrically
-Power is absorbed eccentrically
-Measured in Watts or Joules/second
-Structures can create or absorb power
116
How is power analyzed in gait?
By analyzing joint power or total joint power at specific points in the gait cycle
117
What are the clinical implication of power in normal gait?
-Plantar flexors provide important propulsive energy during push off
-Hip flexors provide propulsive force during pull off
-Knee power is relatively low, and often negative indicating eccentric activity in extensors or flexors
118
What is postural control?
Controlling the body's position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation
119
What is postural orientation?
Ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between the body and environment for a task
120
What is postural alignment?
Biomechanical alignment (body's alignment)
121
What is the center of mass (COM)? Where is it located?
-Point that is the center of the body mass
-Anterior to S2
122
What is the base of support (BOS)?
Area of the body that is in contact with the support surface
123
What is the center of gravity (COG)?
Vertical projection of the COM
124
What is ideal postural alignment in relation to the COM and BOS? What is a stable posture?
-Controlling the COM relative to the BOS
-Stable posture is the COM falling within the BOS
-Requires minimal muscular effort
125
What changes according to the COM?
Muscular activity of dorsiflexors and plantar flexors
126
What are the key points about the COM?
-The COM is not a physical entity but a virtual point in space that depends on the position of all body segments
-If the nervous system controls the COM, it must be able to estimate the position of the COM using information from the various sensory receptors
-The key variable controlled by the CNS during postural control is control of the COM
127
What are the frontal plane surface landmarks for postural alignment?
-Midline through the body
-Tops of shoulder
-Iliac crests
-Midline of patella
-Superior and inferior angles of scapula
-PSIS
-Popliteal fossa
-Ear height
-Acromion height
-Humeral folds
-Arm "windows"
-Genu varum/valgum
-Calcaneus with midfoot
128
What should the alignment be between the subtalar joint and knee?
There should be a neutral, straight line between the knee and the subtalar joint with no pronation, supination, internal, or external rotation
129
What is the Adam's test?
-Scoliosis screening
-Patient bends forward so therapist can check for rib hump and curving of the spine
130
What are sagittal view landmarks for postural alignment?
-Ear lobe (tragus)
-Acromion
-Greater trochanter
-Axis of the knee
-Ankle joint/lateral malleolus
131
What muscles are active in static standing?
-Gastroc/soleus
-Erector spinae
-Abdominals
-Paraspinals in cervical spine
132
What are the 1st responders to loss of balance?
-Gastroc
-Tibialis anterior
133
What does forward head posture cause?
-Changes the scapula musculature
-Impaired rhomboid and middle trap
-Anterior thoracic musculature becomes shortened
-Increases thoracic kyphosis
134
How do forces on the neck increase with different angles of the head?
-0 degrees: 10-12lb
-15 degrees: 27lb
-30 degrees: 40lb
-45 degrees: 49lb
-60 degrees: 60 lb
135
What muscles are tight and which are weak in upper crossed syndrome?
-Upper traps, levator scap, and pecs are tight
-Deep neck flexors, lower traps, and serratus anterior are weak
136
What is considered to be an increased pelvic tilt?
13-14 degrees or more
137
What muscles are tight and which are weak with an anterior pelvic tilt?
-Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and erector spinae are tight
-Glute max and abdominals are weak
138
What muscles are tight and which are weak with an posterior pelvic tilt?
-Hamstrings, glutes, and rectus abdominis are tight
-Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, erector spinae are weak
139
What are the effects of an anterior pelvic tilt?
Lordotic back
140
What are the effects of a posterior pelvic tilt?
Flat lumbar spine
141
What are the effects of a forward shifted pelvis?
-Sway back
-Upper trunk shifts backward
-Hips hyperextend
-Knees hyperextend
142
What happens when someone moves out of line with gravity?
Creates more muscular work
143
What are major factors in dynamic postural control?
-Biomechanical alignment
-Muscle groups work together to maintain position
-Organization of firing pattern bases upon task
-Task that the individual is performing adapts to COM, BOS, and COG
-Sensory systems play a large role in dynamic posture
144
What does dynamic postural control during walking require?
-COM changes as there are ground reaction forces and movement
-COM has linear movement
-BOS and COG over gravity line
145
What do unique dynamic situations require?
-Hundreds of hours of practice
-Base of support outside the center of mass
-Creates a situation with greater risk for falls or loss of balance
-Repetition
-Specificity
-Transference
146
What is the purpose of postural strategies?
-Adapt to a situation
-Postural strategies are "set" neuromuscular patterns
-Provide a fast and unconscious motor pattern to provide adaptation to changes in COM
-Humans have several unique strategies in quiet standing to a perturbation or force that moves their COM
147
How do postural strategies respond?
-Respond via sensory input
-Activate a sensory response
-Muscular system responds with a set of muscular responses
148
What are common postural strategies in adults?
-Ankle strategy
-Stepping response
-Hip strategy
149
When do children acquire adult postural strategies?
Usually children get postural strategies at age 7
150
What is pectus excavatum?
-Most common chest wall deformity
-1 out of 400 male births
-Males > female incidence
-Connective tissue begins to overgrow in the area of the sternum and ribs
-May lead to serious respiratory and cardiac issues
151
What is Gibbus deformity? What is it caused by?
-Extreme thoracic kyphosis
-Spinal osteomyelitis
-Spinal tuberculosis
-Vertebral collapse
152
What is a Dowager's hump? What is it caused by?
-Over 50 degrees of thoracic kyphosis causing a hump
-Postural changes
-Age
-Computer use
-Steroid use
-Osteroporosis
-Fat build up
-Combines with forward shoulders
153
What is Scheurmann's disease?
-Juvenile kyphosis
-Occurs mostly in adolescent males
-Begins at 10-15 years of age
-Lasts about 3 years
-Pain
-Stiffness
-Fatigue
-Hamstring tightness
154
What is the difference between postural kyphosis and Scheurmann's disease?
-Ask the pt to bend forward
-If the curve in the back is steady/an even curve it is postural
-If the curve is uneven/very steep curve at one point then it is Scheurmann's disease
155
What is a test that can be done for femoral anteversion?
-Craig's test
-Pt is prone with knee bent to 90 degrees
-Pt brings lower leg towards table into internal rotation until it stops
-Normal is between 8-15 degrees with the vertical
-More than 50 degrees of internal rotation indicates increased femoral anteversion
156
What is static postural control?
-Static base of support
-Static individual
157
What is dynamic postural control?
-Individual moving on static BOS (swaying)
-BOS is moving while individual is static (walking)
158
What is static steady state?
-Sitting
-Standing
159
What is dynamic steady state?
Steady position while wallking
160
What is proactive state?
-Anticipatory balance
-Preparation for predicted change in balance
-Used during walking & steering as well
161
What is reactive balance state?
-Responding to a push or trip
-Unexpected perturbation
162
What are the four types of postural activity? Are they independent of each other?
-Static steady state
-Dynamic steady state
-Proactive/anticipatory
-Reactive
-These four activities are independent and separate tasks
163
Which of the four types of postural activities are purely sensory? Which is sensory driven?
-Reactive is purely sensory
-Static steady state is sensory driven
164
Which of the four types of postural activities are learned?
-Dynamic steady balance
-Proactive/anticipatory
165
Do the four types of postural activity have transference from one task to another?
No, they are separate tasks and have to be trained differently
166
What are the elements of postural control?
-Biomechanical alignment
-Sensory feedback
-Muscular activation
167
How do humans initially learn to obtain posture?
With the visual system
168
Why is the visual system important for postural control?
It is an important source of information for steady state postural control
169
How is the vestibular system involved in postural control?
The vestibular system provides the CNS with information about the position and movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces, providing a reference for postural control
170
What receptors are found in the soles of the feet and the palms of the hands? How do they help us with postural control?
-Merkels cells: epidermis light touch
-Pacinian corpuscles: pressure, vibration
-Meissner's corpuscles: fine detail touch
-Ruffini endings: stretch and movement
-Proprioception and kinesthesia
-Sense awareness of joints
-Sense joint movement
-Sense joint force and weight heaviness
171
What type of information does the muscle spindle provide?
-Awareness of movement
-Speed of contraction and length of muscle
172
What type of information does the golgi tendon organ provide?
Force of heaviness in objects or creation of force
173
What type of information do joint capsule receptors provide?
Information regarding joint movement
174
What do the sensory systems integrate together to do? What systems are involved?
-The sensory systems integrate together to provide feedback to keep upright and in alignment
-Vision
-Cervical proprioception
-Vestibular system
-The CNS takes information from sensorimotor cortex and cervical spine
175
What happens after the CNS receives the sensory information regarding postural control?
-An automatic motor response is activated based upon the direction of change, force, and postural position
-Creates a muscular response that is organized, on time, spatially organized, and has the correct force
