Final Exam - Prep 1

Question 1

Virtues

Answer 1

about being informed by personal, professional and societal values

Question 2

Ethical skills

Answer 2

techniques or abilities required for ethical human service practice.

Question 3

Ethical knowledge

Answer 3

understanding theories and concepts of ethical practice

Question 4

Values

Knowledge-based:

Answer 4

value eating nutritious food/exercising because it’s the best way to keep healthy.

Question 5

Value

Aesthetics-based:

Answer 5

I prefer letting in the natural light rather than switching on the fluorescent lights.

Question 6

Values

Morals-based:

Answer 6

I believe that by acting in a trustworthy way my work colleagues will be more likely to trust me.

Question 7

The human service professions hold some common values, including acceptance, tolerance, individuality, self-determination and confidentiality

Answer 7

Pragmatism
Competence
Respect
Genuineness
Client self-responsibility

Question 8

Core or foundational values of human service practice

Answer 8

Valuing humanity
Valuing positive change
Valuing choice
Valuing quality service
Valuing privacy
Valuing difference and diversity
Valuing the environment

Question 9

Values to ethics

Answer 9

Meta-ethics: concern with broad philosophical concepts (is there such a thing as love? What are virtues?)

Normative Ethics: concerned with application of moral concepts to daily problems (is it right to breach confidence in this situation? Is it acceptable to lie to protect someone else?)

Applied Ethics: refers to particular areas of interest (e.g. euthanasia, animal rights, reproductive autonomy)

Question 10

In essence, ethics has to do with:

Answer 10

Rights
Responsibilities
Duties
Obligations
Ethics can be disorientating

Question 11

Telos (which means goal or end)

Answer 11

– Consequentialist

Question 12

Deon (which means duty)

Answer 12

– Non-consequentialist

Question 13

A Virtue Ethicist views a situation from a virtues standpoint, asking ‘What kind of person should I be?’

Answer 13

Defect: Cowardice, Humility, Indecisive

Balance: Courage, Modesty, Self-control

Excess: Rashness, pride, impulsive

Question 14

Contractarian Ethicists are concerned with

Answer 14

concerned with protecting the human, civil, political and legal status of an individual through a social contract.

Question 15

Communitarian Ethicists

Answer 15

move beyond individualism to consider the social context and how the community will be impacted by decisions

Question 16

Feminist Ethic of Care

Answer 16

is our first ethical theory where we can name a woman as the founder!

Question 17

Eastern philosophical Traditions

Answer 17

Compassion
Increasing individual awareness/insight
Acting for the collective

Question 18

Western philosophical Traditions

Answer 18

Good will
Duty
Individual excellence

Question 19

The major influences from Eastern philosophy are:

Answer 19

Hindu philosophy 5500 - 2600 BCE

Buddhist philosophy 6th century BCE

Chinese philosophy 770 - 256 BCE

Jewish, Christian and
Muslim traditions

Complex and diverse set of ideas, schools and traditions based in India/Nepal

Question 20

The nature of human service

Answer 20

work necessitates an understanding of moral practice and of power in relationships

Question 21

Deontology holds that

Answer 21

rightness or wrongness of actions depends on duty and that humans are rational with capacity for reason

Question 22

Utilitarianism is based on

Answer 22

the concept of doing ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’

Question 23

Other ethical theories include

Answer 23

Virtue ethics,
Contractarian ethics,
Communitarian ethics,
Feminist ethics of Care.

Question 24

Eastern philosophical traditions focus on

Answer 24

compassion, increasing individual awareness and acting for the collective. Western traditions focus on good will, duty and pursuit of individual excellence.

Question 25

Ethical Issues

Answer 25

The bigger picture ethical issues that have to do with human rights, duties, responsibilities. For example, people should have the right to safe, secure and affordable housing; people should have the right to live in situations free from violence or abuse.

Question 26

Ethical Problems

Answer 26

Refer to situations that have moral dimensions, but the right course of action is generally apparent. For example, people should have the right to affordable housing, however many people are homeless which is an ethical problem for those who need to make decisions about where to allocate resources.

Question 27

Ethical dilemmas

Answer 27

occur when an individual sees themselves as faced with a choice between two equally unwelcome alternatives and may involve a conflict of moral principles and it is not clear which choice is going to be the right one. For example, there are many people on waiting lists for public housing, so how do we determine who should have priority and on what basis? Ethical dilemmas typically have an X vs Y formulation - one principle competing with another. Should an older person with a disability who has been longer on a waiting list take priority over a family who are living in their car?

Question 28

Ethical decision-making

Answer 28

is the processes of choosing the best alternative for achieving the best results or outcomes, compliant with individual and social values, morality and regulations (Banks, 2012).

Question 29

Threats (ethical challenges in practice) include

Answer 29

Multiple or dual relationships Sexual and intimate relations Concrete assistance, gifts and loans: Religious, spiritual and body-focused interventions: Confidentiality and disclosure: Imposition of personal valuesImpaired practice

Question 30

top 5 unethical behaviours as:

Answer 30

Have a sexual encounter with a current client Borrow money from a client Agree to be named as a beneficiary in a client’s will Accept an ex-romantic partner as a client Falsify statistics in order to ensure a service is maintained

Question 31

top 5 behaviours considered mostly ethical

Answer 31

Inform clients about limits of confidentiality Break confidentiality if a client is suicidal Attend a client’s funeral Report a serious criminal activity told in confidence Give a client a ride home in your work vehicle

Question 32

5 behaviours where ‘it depends’

Answer 32

Engage in recreational or social activities with clients (51% have done this) Hug or embrace a client (78% have done this) Share information about your personal or family life (87% have done this) Give a client a ride home in your work vehicle (71% have done this) Accept a hand-made gift from a client (75% have done this)

Question 33

'4 principles approach to ethics'

Answer 33

Autonomy (self-governing, free of control) Beneficence (do good) Non-maleficence (do no harm) Natural justice (everyone access equal rights)

Question 34

Boundary issues

Answer 34

arise when human services professionals encounter actual or potential conflicts between their professional duties and their social, sexual, religious or business relationships.

Question 35

Boundary crossings or breaches

Answer 35

occur when a professional is involved in a dual relationship with a client or colleague in a manner that is not necessarily exploitative, manipulative, deceptive, or coercive. Boundary crossings can be harmful, helpful, or neutral.

Question 36

Boundary violations

Answer 36

occur when a practitioner engages in a dual relationship with a client or colleague that is exploitative, manipulative, deceptive, or coercive. It is a conflict of interest that causes harm. Intentional or unintentional. So how do you know the difference between a crossing and a violation?

Question 37

The original four phases of the evolution of social work values and ethics are

Answer 37

Morality period, Values period, Ethical theory and decision-making Ethical standards and risk management.

Question 38

Areas of controversy in contemporary human service practice include

Answer 38

multiple or dual relationships, sexual and intimate relationships, accepting gifts or loans, engaging in religious, spiritual and body focused interventions, imposition of worker values on a client and impaired practice

Question 39

Professional relationships are paid

Answer 39

time limited structured contractual and require preparation and training Personal relationships are voluntary, spontaneous, share power equally, require no preparation and involve a personal choice

Question 40

3 Key ethical principles underlying professional human service practice are

Answer 40

autonomy, paternalism and self-determination (rule) privacy and confidentiality (left alone and trusted information) social control and toleration (agreeing to disagree)

Question 41

Codes of ethics provide several key functions:

Answer 41

Provide protection of clients or service users and guide practitioners on what constitutes appropriate ethical behaviour. Enhance the professional status for a professional group and are part of the process of creating and maintaining a professional identity. Associated with professional regulation.

Question 42

Regulating professional practice

Answer 42

The complaint mechanisms which play a part in regulating professions and services in the social, health and human service industry in Australia are governed by: health complaint commissions in each state and territory federal and state fair-trading complaint management organisations national and state health practitioner registration boards for licensed professions self-regulating professional associations with voluntary membership.

Question 43

‘Whistle-blowing only makes sense in a context of ethical degeneration’.

Answer 43

This refers to the idea that if there were no ethical misconduct occurring, we would not need whistle-blowers.

Question 44

Activities that might warrant whistle-blowing include:

Answer 44

Illegality or law infringement Fraudulent or corrupt conduct Substantial misconduct, mismanagement or maladministration Gross or substantial waste of resources Endangering public health or safety or the environment Dishonest or partial performance of duties Breach of trust Misuse of information

Question 45

Common mistakes made by whistle-blowers include:

Answer 45

trusting too much, not having enough evidence, not waiting for the right opportunity, not building support not knowing when to stop.

Question 46

Australian Integrity bodies include the

Answer 46

Australian Human Rights Commission, Aged Care Complaints Scheme, Commonwealth Ombudsman Administrative Appeals Tribunal

Question 47

Some problems with codes of ethics include

Answer 47

codes may lack clarity, have conflict within or between codes, be reactive, conflict with organisational policy and not represent cultural issues well

Question 48

Codes of ethics function to

Answer 48

protect clients or service users, guide practitioners, enhance professional status, create and maintain professional identity and regulate the profession

Question 49

In Australia, there are many professions that are not regulated, including

Answer 49

social work, counsellors, community workers, rehabilitation counsellors, and human services practitioners. There are 15 professions that are regulated under the body known as AHPRA.

Question 50

The four platforms on which the Inclusive Modelof Ethical Decision-Making is based are

Answer 50

accountability, critical reflection, cultural sensitivity, and consultation.

Question 51

An ethical decision-making toolbox is a term used to describe all the ‘tools’ you might need to have with you as a practitioner

Answer 51

Knowledge of the domain of ethics – what is and isn’t ‘about ethics’ Knowledge about ethical decision-making models and development of one that suits your own style A range of people that you can consult, seek information from, use for support Important documents – relevant codes of ethics, policies/protocols, legislation – or at least knowledge of how to access these Cultural expertise – literary resources and people Build-up of practice wisdom – from self and others – what works and what doesn’t – implications and consequences Knowledge of how to conduct an ‘ethics audit’ within an organisation to determine areas of potential risk

Question 52

Ethical decision-making is the process of critical reflection,

Answer 52

evaluation and judgement through which a practitioner resolves ethical issues, problems and dilemmas

Question 53

There are essentially 3 different types of ethical decision making models:

Answer 53

process models; reflective models; and cultural models