final exam overarching themes Flashcards
what is the central dogma of biology?
DNA –> RNA –> Protein
transcription translation
what are the inputs for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 + sunlight
what are the outputs for photosynthesis?
C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthesis is what kind of rxn?
redox rxn
is photosynthesis anabolic or catabolic?
anabolic (building larger molecules)
is photosynthesis exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic (absorbs energy)
what do photosynthesis light reactions involve?
converting light energy –> chem bond energy (ATP, NADPH)
what do photosynthesis carbon fixation (dark) rxns involve?
using ATP and NADPH (from light rxns) and CO2 to produce carbohydrates
are glycolysis and cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic?
both catabolic
are glycolysis and cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?
both exergonic
what are the inputs of glycolysis?
1 glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi
what are the outputs of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate (3 carbon) + 2 NADH + 2 (net) ATP
what are the inputs of pyruvate oxidation?
2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+
what are the outputs of pyruvate oxidation?
2 CO2 + 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH
how many times does the citric acid cycle operate for each glucose molecule that enter glycolysis?
two cycles - one for each pyruvate that is produced by 1 glucose in glycolysis
what are the citric acid cycle inputs?
acetyl CoA + GDP + 3 NAD+ + FAD
this is for one single cycle - coefficients are doubled for both cycles
what are the citric acid cycle outputs?
3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + 2 CO2
why is oxidative phosphorylation important?
it produces a lot of ATP
what are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation?
electron transport chain
chemiosmosis
what reduced electron carriers from other steps of cellular respiration transfer their electrons and become different molecules?
NADH –> NAD+
FADH2 –> FAD
is energy absorbed or released as electrons move through electron pump?
released
the pumping of H+ ions into the intermembrane space established an:
electrochemical gradient
at the end of the electron pump, the final electron acceptor is:
O2
ATP ___ uses the H+ gradient to make ATP
synthase
ATP synthase converts proton gradient potential energy to what kind of energy in ATP?
chem-bond energy
how many molecules of ATP are produced per fully oxidized glucose molecule overall?
~30
if there is a lack of O2 after glycolysis, the pyruvate molecules enter ____ instead of cellular respiration
fermentation
how many ATP molecules does fermentation produce?
2
what is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
glucose + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP
where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
where does the citric acid cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
where does oxidative phosphorylation/ETC take place?
mitochondrial matrix
where does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplasts
how many rounds of division happen in mitosis?
one
is mitotic division haploid or diploid?
always diploid (2n)
mitosis is only the division of the _____
nucleus
the division of the cytosol is called:
cytokinesis
what is the order of division?
prophase –> metaphase –> anaphase
what happens in prophase of mitosis?
homologs are identifiable but do not pair up
what happens in metaphase of mitosis?
each duplicated chromosome aligns individually at the equator
what happens in anaphase of mitosis?
sister chromatids separate to become separate chromosomes
in meiosis, cells begin ___ (diploid or haploid) and end _____ (diploid or haploid)
begin diploid and end haploid
how many rounds of division happen in meiosis?
two
what happens in meiosis I?
homologs pair and separate
what happens in meiosis II?
sister chromatids separate into 4 daughter cells
define recombination
independent assortment between chromosome pairs forms new genetic combinations (not parental)
what are the three steps of transcription (DNA –> RNA)
initiation, elongation, termination
initiation of transcription requires a ____
promoter
the DNA template strand is read in what direction?
3’ - 5’
the RNA strand is synthesized in what direction?
5’ - 3’
