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foundations of biology > final exam overarching themes > Flashcards

final exam overarching themes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

transcription translation

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2
Q

what are the inputs for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 + sunlight

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3
Q

what are the outputs for photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2

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4
Q

photosynthesis is what kind of rxn?

A

redox rxn

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5
Q

is photosynthesis anabolic or catabolic?

A

anabolic (building larger molecules)

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6
Q

is photosynthesis exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic (absorbs energy)

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7
Q

what do photosynthesis light reactions involve?

A

converting light energy –> chem bond energy (ATP, NADPH)

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8
Q

what do photosynthesis carbon fixation (dark) rxns involve?

A

using ATP and NADPH (from light rxns) and CO2 to produce carbohydrates

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9
Q

are glycolysis and cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic?

A

both catabolic

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10
Q

are glycolysis and cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?

A

both exergonic

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11
Q

what are the inputs of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi

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12
Q

what are the outputs of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate (3 carbon) + 2 NADH + 2 (net) ATP

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13
Q

what are the inputs of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+

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14
Q

what are the outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 CO2 + 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH

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15
Q

how many times does the citric acid cycle operate for each glucose molecule that enter glycolysis?

A

two cycles - one for each pyruvate that is produced by 1 glucose in glycolysis

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16
Q

what are the citric acid cycle inputs?

A

acetyl CoA + GDP + 3 NAD+ + FAD

this is for one single cycle - coefficients are doubled for both cycles

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17
Q

what are the citric acid cycle outputs?

A

3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + 2 CO2

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18
Q

why is oxidative phosphorylation important?

A

it produces a lot of ATP

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19
Q

what are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electron transport chain

chemiosmosis

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20
Q

what reduced electron carriers from other steps of cellular respiration transfer their electrons and become different molecules?

A

NADH –> NAD+

FADH2 –> FAD

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21
Q

is energy absorbed or released as electrons move through electron pump?

A

released

22
Q

the pumping of H+ ions into the intermembrane space established an:

A

electrochemical gradient

23
Q

at the end of the electron pump, the final electron acceptor is:

A

O2

24
Q

ATP ___ uses the H+ gradient to make ATP

A

synthase

25
Q

ATP synthase converts proton gradient potential energy to what kind of energy in ATP?

A

chem-bond energy

26
Q

how many molecules of ATP are produced per fully oxidized glucose molecule overall?

A

~30

27
Q

if there is a lack of O2 after glycolysis, the pyruvate molecules enter ____ instead of cellular respiration

A

fermentation

28
Q

how many ATP molecules does fermentation produce?

A

2

29
Q

what is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

A

glucose + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP

30
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol

31
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

32
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation/ETC take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

33
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplasts

34
Q

how many rounds of division happen in mitosis?

A

one

35
Q

is mitotic division haploid or diploid?

A

always diploid (2n)

36
Q

mitosis is only the division of the _____

A

nucleus

37
Q

the division of the cytosol is called:

A

cytokinesis

38
Q

what is the order of division?

A

prophase –> metaphase –> anaphase

39
Q

what happens in prophase of mitosis?

A

homologs are identifiable but do not pair up

40
Q

what happens in metaphase of mitosis?

A

each duplicated chromosome aligns individually at the equator

41
Q

what happens in anaphase of mitosis?

A

sister chromatids separate to become separate chromosomes

42
Q

in meiosis, cells begin ___ (diploid or haploid) and end _____ (diploid or haploid)

A

begin diploid and end haploid

43
Q

how many rounds of division happen in meiosis?

A

two

44
Q

what happens in meiosis I?

A

homologs pair and separate

45
Q

what happens in meiosis II?

A

sister chromatids separate into 4 daughter cells

46
Q

define recombination

A

independent assortment between chromosome pairs forms new genetic combinations (not parental)

47
Q

what are the three steps of transcription (DNA –> RNA)

A

initiation, elongation, termination

48
Q

initiation of transcription requires a ____

A

promoter

49
Q

the DNA template strand is read in what direction?

A

3’ - 5’

50
Q

the RNA strand is synthesized in what direction?

A

5’ - 3’

foundations of biology (7 decks)

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