Final Exam/OP Prep Flashcards
_______________ is the process by which the therapist uncovers and covers portions of the patient’s body during treatment, while maintaining the patient’s modesty and respecting appropriate therapist/patient boundaries.
Draping
Name the draping landmarks for Anterior lower limb
Greater trochanter OR Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
Name the draping landmarks for Abdomen
ASIS, xiphoid process of the sternum
Name the draping landmarks for Upper limb
Under patient’s back at the level of the axilla
Name the draping landmarks for Upper chest, HNS
Under patient’s back, at the level of the axilla
Name the draping landmarks for Back
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
Name the draping landmarks for Posterior lower limb
Greater trochanter
Name the draping landmarks for Posterior lower limb,
including gluteals
Iliac crest, lateral border of the sacrum
With patient lying supine, the pillow under their knees is for ______________
supporting the low back, allowing it to rest on the table
With patient lying supine, the pillow under their head is for ______________
comfort
With patient lying prone, the pillow under their abdomen is to ______________
support and relax the low back
With patient lying prone, the pillow under their ankles, feet and toes is to ______________
stabilize lower limbs, and to relax posterior leg muscles
With patient in sidelying, the pillow between their ankles and knees is to ______________
stabilize, to balance hips, for comfort
With patient in sidelying, the pillow in front of their torso, underneath uppermost arm is to ______________
help stabilize torso, for draping security
With patient in sidelying, the pillow underneath their head is for ______________
comfort
A massage technique can produce multiple therapeutic effects. These effects may occur:
1) ___________ - only on the site of manipulation
2) __________ - throughout the patient’s body
1) Locally
2) Generally
T/F: Any given massage technique produces therapeutic effects in one of the six categories, but ONLY one!!
False: Any given massage technique produces multiple effects.
The application and __________ of the techniques will impact their effects.
Sequencing
These are direct effects. They are caused by physically moving the tissues by compression, tension (stretch), shearing, bending, or twisting.
Mechanical effects
What are three examples of the mechanical effects of massage?
Increased lymphatic return
Mobilized bronchial secretions
Decreased unnecessary muscle resting tension
These are indirect effects of massage; functional change is mediated by the nervous system.
Reflex effects.
What are three examples of the reflex effects of massage?
Sedation
Stimulation/awakening
Facilitation of smooth muscle contraction
These effects of massage involve a change in biochemical body processes.
Physiological effects
What are two examples of the physiological effects of massage?
Improved modeling of connective tissue
Reduced muscle spasm
These effects of massage occur in the mind, emotions or behaviour.
Psychological effects.
What are two examples of the psychological effects of massage?
Improved social interaction
Improved physical self-image
These effects of massage are accompanied by changes in hormone levels and/or immune function; this term emphasizes the “mere” feeling states, like relaxation, which represent complex multisystem phenomena.
Psycho-Neuro-Immunological Effects
What are two examples of the Psycho-Neuro Immunological effects of massage?
Improved T-cell function (white blood cells play a role in cell-mediated immunity)
Decreased anxiety and cortisol levels
Psycho-Neuro Immunology is a field of study that looks at the interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and the ______ ______.
Immune system
____________ is a condition that causes a build-up of extra cells on the skin’s surface due to the release of cytokines from the immune system, which massage can have a positive influence on.
Psoriasis
This effect of massage cites direct effects on the patient’s biomagnetic field and possible secondary effects on patient’s body structures and function
Energetic Effects
What are two examples of the Energetic effects of massage?
Improved biomagnetic field pattern
Improved energy flow
Through palpation, observation, verbal and non-verbal _____________, continually re-assess the patient’s responses to the treatment as it proceeds.
Communication
During this technique, only the surface of the skin is engaged, and there is no manipulation of tissue involved.
Static contct
Static contact is maintained for a minimum of __ seconds per location, unless using for cueing in teaching diaphragmatic breathing
10 seconds
Which body system is most affected by static contact?
The nervous system
Which of these is not a reflex effect of static contact?
Generalized relaxation/sedation
Reduced anxiety
Reduced perception of pain/analgesia
Decreased local muscle resting tension or neuromuscular tone
Sudden realization that Santa isn’t real
Sudden realization that Santa isn’t real
What are two indications of static contact.
Conditions of over stimulation (e.g. muscular tension, anxiety, excitability, insomnia, where overall relaxation/sedation is desired
Trauma, illness, dying, emotional distress, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (esp. following violence or sexual abuse)
Painful conditions in which pressure and/or soft tissue manipulation is painful or contraindicated
Extreme pain; intractable pain
Where this effect is desired and other techniques are contraindicated
Post-surgery, convalescence
Poor physical self-image
What are two contraindications of static contact?
If touch is generally or locally undesirable or intolerable Painful conditions (use caution)
__________ is a manipulation performed with very little pressure, either through the sheets or directly on the skin.
Stroking
As with some other techniques, stroking can be EITHER __________ or __________, depending on the:
rate
rhythm
direction of application
rate or rhythm
Which of the following is NOT a reflex effect of soothing stroking?
Decreases sympathetic nervous system activity, resulting in relaxation
Decreases perception of pain
Reduces muscle resting tension
Can increase peristalsis when performed over abdomen or low back
Forgetting to leave milk and cookies out on Christmas Eve
Forgetting to leave milk and cookies out on Christmas Eve
What are some contraindications for soothing stroking?
Ticklishness or irritation caused by application of the technique
Acute pain syndromes, e.g. reflex sympathetic dystrophy
May be contraindicated locally in areas of acute inflammation due to pain
T/F: stimulating stroking increases sympathetic nervous system activity
True
Which of the following is NOT an indication for stimulating stroking:
Hypotonicity
Desire for general invigoration
Flaccid paralysis
Can’t sleep/too excited for Christmas
Conditions needing stimulation where mechanical pressure is contraindicated
Can’t sleep/too excited for Christmas
What are some contraindications for stimulating stroking?
Spastic paralysis Most painful conditions Nervous exhaustion, insomnia Muscle spasm Ticklishness
A gliding technique often performed with light pressure that engages the tissues superficial to the muscles in the direction of venous and lymphatic flow to increase the return flow of those fluids.
Effleurage
When applied deeply, engaging and deforming muscles, effleurage is being used as a ____________ technique.
Neuromuscular
Which 4 bodily systems are most affected by effleurage?
circulatory
nervous
muscular
lymphatic
Which of the following is not a reflex effect of effleurage?
Generalized relaxation/sedation if performed at a slow rate
Generalized stimulation if the technique is performed at a faster rate
Generalized craving for gingerbread
Decreased perception of pain
Generalized craving for gingerbread
T/F: Increased venous circulation and lymphatic return are considered Mechanical effects of effleurage
True
What are some contraindications for effleurage?
Extreme pain (use caution) Conditions in which venous return is compromised (e.g. varicose veins, severe edema, over areas of possible infection) Conditions in which increased circulation would not be desirable (e.g. shortly after heart surgery, congestive heart failure) Conditions in which organic function is compromised (e.g. serious kidney pathology, serious nutritional deficiency)
A group of techniques that repetitively compress, shear, and release soft tissue with varying amounts of drag, lift and glide, which stretch tissue layers relative to each other.
Petrissage
Petrissage is considered part of the ___________ techniques group, which palpate muscle, affect the level or resting tension of the muscles, and have additional psychoneuroimmunological effects.
neuromuscular
Petrissage may be _________ or __________ depending on the rate and the amount of compression or drag applied to the tissues as the tissue layers are manipulated and stretched relative to each other.
soothing or stimulating
Which of these body systems are not affected by petrissage: musculoskeletal cardiopulmonary digestive nervous belly like a bowl full of jelly
belly like a bowl full of jelly
During wringing, leaving space between the hands maximizes the _____________ of the muscle tissue that occurs as the hands compress and shear the muscle between them in a smooth, continuous motion.
torqueing
T/F: “C”-scooping is named so because it used to be done with candy canes.
False: It’s because of the shape in which the therapist’s hands are held.
T/F: Pressure of C-Scooping is supposed to be moderate to heavy
False: Pressure is light to moderate
Name the three types of kneading and the three sub-types.
Palmar, fingertip, thumb
Simultaneous, bilateral, alternating
T/F: The following are mechanical effects of petrissage:
May be soothing or stimulating, depending on the application used, the location of its use, and the rate used
Decreases perception of pain
False, they are reflex effects
Which of the following is not a mechanical effect of petrissage?
Increases local circulation of blood and lymph fluid
Loosens and stretches muscle fibres
Your house will have hidden traps to deter burglars
May help to prevent and/or loosen adhesions
Improves connective tissue extensibility
Increases glandular activity of the skin
May mechanically move intestinal contents when applied to the abdomen
Your house will have hidden traps to deter burglars
What are some contraindications of petrissage?
Most acute conditions
Moderate to severe varicosities
Severely atrophied muscles (gentle petrissage only)
Hypo-trophied muscles (gentle petrissage only)
Spastic paralysis (slow, gentle petrissage only)
T/F: Within the framework of a massage therapy treatment, the direction of pressure should be Santa-petal– toward the North Pole.
False: Within the framework of a massage therapy treatment, the direction of pressure should be centripetal – toward the heart.
This principle of massage refers to the Area of body being treated. Covers the whole area, a particular area, a muscle group, an area of complaint, then returning to the specific area.
General Specific General
This principle of massage refers to the part of the therapist’s hand being used, from the broader surfaces of the hand, to smaller surfaces, and returning to broader contact.
Also General Specific General
This principle of massage refers to the technique being used. Start with techniques that cover a greater area, then move to techniques for smaller areas, and then returning.
ALSO General Specific General
This principle of massage refers to the amount of pressure/level of tissue engagement. Begin with light pressure, move to deeper pressure, and come back out.
Superficial Deep Superficial
What are two reasons for “coming back out” after deep work?
Prevents “kick back” pain
Encourages vascular flush
This principle of massage refers to the relative Location
of the work being done, beginning at or near the point of attachment or origin (or a central point when working toward the centre of the body), then moving away from the attachment or origin, and then back.
Proximal DIstal Proximal
This principle of massage refers to the
method of approach to a problem area/area of complaint (lesion, pain, spasm, adhesion). Work in the area surrounding the area of complaint, gradually working toward the mentre, then working back out.
Periphery Centre Periphery
___________ is a structured, ‘outcome-based’ series of massage techniques
Sequencing
Tapotment must be performed for at least __________ to be effective, at least _________to have a sedative or relaxing effect, and may be performed for 20 minutes or more
30 seconds to be effective
2 minutes for sedation
Which body systems are most affected by tapotement?
nervous
musculoskeletal
respiratory
digestive
Name the three light tapotement techniques.
pincement, tapping, point hacking
Name the three medium tapotement techniques.
loose hacking, stiff hacking, clapping
Name the three heavy tapotement techniques.
cupping, beating, pounding
T/F: Light tapotement techniques are appropriate to use on the face.
True!! Actually! It says so in the slides.
Which of the following is not a reflex effect for tapotement:
Vasoconstriction/vasodilation response
Increases/stimulates neuromuscular tone in cases of hypotonicity; can decrease muscular tension in cases of hypertonicity when applied for a prolonged period of time
Secondary responses may be sedative
Production of transient hyperstimulation, and may be analgesic if performed for long duration
Frees your VHS copy of It’s a Wonderful Life when it gets stuck in the VCR
Increases Parasympathetic Nervous System response when applied lightly over sacrum
Frees your VHS of It’s a Wonderful Life when it gets stuck in the VCR
Which technique effects organs when applied to the back, usually increasing their activity and improving their function:
Upper thoracic: stimulates heart and increases rate and strength of contraction often followed by response to decrease rate and relax heart
Lower thoracic: stimulates stomach activity
Low back: stimulates organs in abdominal cavity
Respiratory system: Promotes dilation of bronchial tubes (SympNS)
Tapotment
What are some indications for tapotement?
Stimulation of local circulation (may cause local hyperemia)
Promotion of local metabolism
Hypo-trophied muscles (light techniques only) to facilitate contraction and increase neuromuscular tone
May be suitable for pain relief in cases of neuralgia or amputation (phantom limb pain)
Visceral hypofunction (promotes reflex responses in viscera)
Where airway clearance is needed, e.g. chronic respiratory conditions such as cystic fibrosis, bronchitis, dyspnea
What are some contraindications for tapotment?
Hypo-trophic, atrophied muscle
Insomnia, nervous excitability, convalescence, neurasthenia (unexplained chronic fatigue, lack of motivation)
Over top of bony prominences, local areas where bone is subcutaneous
Many heart conditions
Severe osteoporosis
Arthritis
High blood pressure, other cardiovascular conditions
Degenerative Disc Disease
