Final Exam (not including exams 1-3)

Question 1

energy

Answer 1

capacity to do work

Question 2

heat

Answer 2

transfer of energy from higher temerpature to lower temperature

Question 3

thermodynamics

Answer 3

study of heat and energy flow during change and the relationship between heat and work

Question 4

thermochemistry

Answer 4

study of heat involved in chemical and physical changes
or
study of heat change in chemical rxns

Question 5

explosion energy (examples)

Answer 5

light, heat, sound, gas, expansion (work)

Question 6

What does each particle in a system have?

Answer 6

kinetic and potential energy

Question 7

internal energy (E)

Answer 7

kinetic + potential energy

Question 8

joule

Answer 8

amount of energy needed to lift a 1 kg mass by 1 meter

Question 9

calorie

Answer 9

amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celcius

Question 10

system

Answer 10

part of the universe that is of interest in the study
* can be anything
* ex. a person, a room

Question 11

universe

Answer 11

system+surroundings

Question 12

what can be exchanged in an open, closed, and isolated system

Answer 12

open: mass and energy
closed: energy
isolated: nothing

Question 13

kinetic and potential energy are ___

Answer 13

inconvertable (not able to be changed)

Question 14

law of conservation of energy

Answer 14

energy cannot be created or destroyed; it is constant

Question 15

state functions

Answer 15

properties that are determined by the current state of the system, regardless of the path taken to reach that state
ex. energy, pressure, volume, temperature
analogy: 2 hikers took different paths but ended up at the same spot

Question 16

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 16

energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed

Question 17

heat in an exothermic rxn

Answer 17

heat goes from (lost from the) system to surroundings

Question 18

what are the 2 ways energy is lost from a system

Answer 18

1. converted to heat, q
2. used to do work, w

Question 19

work

Answer 19

energy transferred when something is moved by a force acting over a distance

Question 20

when gases expand, change in volume is ___, but the system is doing work on the surrounding, so work is ___

Answer 20

positive
negative

Question 21

exothermic process

Answer 21

heat goes from system to surroundings

Question 22

endothermic

Answer 22

heat goes from surroundings to system

Question 23

standard enthalpy of formation of any element in its most stable form is ____ degrees celcius

Answer 23

0

Question 24

hess’s law

Answer 24

the enthalpy change for an overall process is the sym of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps

Question 25

kinetics

Answer 25

how fast will the rxn proceed

Question 26

how does spontaneity have to do with speed

Answer 26

nothing

Question 27

spontaneous change

Answer 27

occurs without a continuous input of energy from outside the system * leads to an increase in entropy

Question 28

nonspontaneous change

Answer 28

occurs if the surroundings continuously supply energy to the system

Question 29

if a change is spontaneous in one direction, it will be ____

Answer 29

nonspontaneous in the reverse direction

Question 30

spontaneous process

Answer 30

occurs under a specific set of conditions

Question 31

nonspontaneous process

Answer 31

does not occur under a specific set of conditions

Question 32

entropy (S)

Answer 32

measure of how spread out or how dispersed the system's energy is * increases when volume is larger

Question 33

4 processes that lead to an increase in entropy

Answer 33

* melting * vaporization * temp. increase * greater number of gas molecules

Question 34

does entropy increase or decrease with temperature

Answer 34

increases

Question 35

higher entropy when...

Answer 35

* molecules are more complex * molecules are larger * more energy * higher temp * solid to liquid to gas

Question 36

which has a higher entropy: dissolved solid or liquid vs pure substance

Answer 36

dissolved

Question 37

which has a higher entropy: gas dissolved in solution and solid vs pure gas

Answer 37

pure gas

Question 38

entropy (S) is a measure of how ___

Answer 38

dispersed energy is throughout the system

Question 39

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 39

no process is 100 efficient heat lost to surroundings

Question 40

standard free energy of rxn

Answer 40

free energy (G) change for a rxn wehn it occurs under standard-state conditions

Question 41

standard state conditions

Answer 41

temp = 298 K pressure = 1 atm [solute] = 1.0 M [H+] = 1 M

Question 42

what does change in free energy tell us

Answer 42

spontaneity and the maximum energy available to do work

Question 43

delta G

Answer 43

change in free energy when pure reactants convert COMPLETELY to pure products

Question 44

what is the keq for product favored rxns

Answer 44

keq>1

Question 45

conditions for reactant favored

Answer 45

change G under standard conditions>0 and K<1

Question 46

oxidation

Answer 46

loss of electrons

Question 47

reduction

Answer 47

gain of electrons

Question 48

oxidizing agent

Answer 48

thing that is reduced

Question 49

reduction agent

Answer 49

thing that is oxidized

Question 50

oxidation number

Answer 50

charge the atom would have in a molecule or compound if electrons were completly transferred

Question 51

anode

Answer 51

the electrode at which oxidation occurs

Question 52

cathode

Answer 52

the electrode at which reduction occurs

Question 53

does the anode or cathode produce the electrons

Answer 53

anode

Question 54

salt bridge

Answer 54

spectator counter ions flow through the salt bridge to keep net neutral charge in the solutions

Question 55

anode is always on the left or right

Answer 55

left

Question 56

conditions for standard reduction potential (E naught)

Answer 56

1 M and 1 atm

Question 57

E naught

Answer 57

sign changes when half-cell rxn is reversed but the number does not change even when coefficients do

Question 58

diagonal rule

Answer 58

species on left with react spontaneously w/ species on the right of any rxn located below it

Question 59

diagonal rule in my own words and applied to the problem

Answer 59

an element on the left side and above the other element is the one that gets reduced; the other element gets oxidized so we flip its equation and the E naught sign

Question 60

when to use subscripts vs coefficients from balance equation

Answer 60

subscripts - breaking a moelcule into its individual element coefficients - moles of reactant or product into moles of another

Question 61

diatomic molecules molar mass

Answer 61

just one - when it's apart of a compound two - when it is alone