Final Exam (not including exams 1-3) Flashcards
energy
capacity to do work
heat
transfer of energy from higher temerpature to lower temperature
thermodynamics
study of heat and energy flow during change and the relationship between heat and work
thermochemistry
study of heat involved in chemical and physical changes
or
study of heat change in chemical rxns
explosion energy (examples)
light, heat, sound, gas, expansion (work)
What does each particle in a system have?
kinetic and potential energy
internal energy (E)
kinetic + potential energy
joule
amount of energy needed to lift a 1 kg mass by 1 meter
calorie
amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree celcius
system
part of the universe that is of interest in the study
* can be anything
* ex. a person, a room
universe
system+surroundings
what can be exchanged in an open, closed, and isolated system
open: mass and energy
closed: energy
isolated: nothing
kinetic and potential energy are ___
inconvertable (not able to be changed)
law of conservation of energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed; it is constant
state functions
properties that are determined by the current state of the system, regardless of the path taken to reach that state
ex. energy, pressure, volume, temperature
analogy: 2 hikers took different paths but ended up at the same spot
first law of thermodynamics
energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed
heat in an exothermic rxn
heat goes from (lost from the) system to surroundings
what are the 2 ways energy is lost from a system
- converted to heat, q
- used to do work, w
work
energy transferred when something is moved by a force acting over a distance
when gases expand, change in volume is ___, but the system is doing work on the surrounding, so work is ___
positive
negative
exothermic process
heat goes from system to surroundings
endothermic
heat goes from surroundings to system
standard enthalpy of formation of any element in its most stable form is ____ degrees celcius
0
hess’s law
the enthalpy change for an overall process is the sym of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps
kinetics
how fast will the rxn proceed
how does spontaneity have to do with speed
nothing
spontaneous change
occurs without a continuous input of energy from outside the system
* leads to an increase in entropy