Final Exam - Multiple choice questions Flashcards
a) According to recent survey data (2013) that examined expert guests on the 3 most popular American news channels, what percentage of expert guests are white males?
b) Is this reflective of their percentage of the U.S. population?
a) 62%
b) 31%. No this is not reflective of the US white male population because 62% on TV shows is a huge influence, and the population is a small percentage.
a) What does Enloe argue regarding photos of government officials where there is only one woman in the group being photographed?
- many governments still look like men’s clubs
- woman standing in the picture is former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
a) What does Enloe say about former Prime Minister Margaret Thathcher?
b) Was she an advocate for women’s rights
a) Margaret Thatcher served as a useful function to try and break through our gender numbness
b) no she wasn’t herself an advocate for women’s rights, but people started to notice that all other heads of government were male when they took a photograph after a meeting
Study what Carla Rice summarizes regarding the emergence of gendered looking relations. What do cultural historians say about the history of women and body projects?
- women are “objects” of a male gaze
- we “create our gender by fashioning our bodies through examples given in media, medical systems and beauty culture
- mirrors are the oldest and most ubiquitous image-making technologies, before Victorian period, only the wealthy could afford them but with technological advances, they were being sold and distributed everywhere
- then came photography and film where consumption of cosmetics was encouraged by promoting that women can improve their social situation by personal transformation
- modifying your body is now considered caring for yourself (beauty is a duty)
As well, what has Rice found in her research on body projects and body dissatisfaction?
- degree of dissatisfaction of their body increased with adolescence (ages of nine and 16 when body is changing dramatically) where they encounter even more pressure to appear desirable to men
- skin, weight, hair and breasts are all body projects and problems
- imagine ideals of the “best possible body self”
- fashion magazines are vehicles for delivering messages of beauty business to female consumers
- greatest power of a young woman is her sexual sway over men, and makeovers are the tickets to this success
- expectations of what is feminine=desirable
a) Are cosmetic surgery rates in North America skewed by gender?
b) How?
c) What does Rice say about cosmetic surgery?
a) yes, in 2010, over 91% of cosmetic procedures were performed on women by 91% of surgeons being male
b) top demand is for breast augmentation, between 100 000 and 200 000 Canadian women have implants, globally it is the second most sought-out procedure
c) cosmetic surgery techniques were originally developed to treat the facial burns and soft tissue wounds of male soldiers returning from First World War, but 20th century doctors have distinguished cosmetic surgery “to enhance features already deemed normal”
a) What have you learned in this course about mother work and childcare?
b) What changes have we seen over time?
a) In the home, mothers are the primary caregivers for the children and, where the men are the “breadwinners” (provide financially for the family with full-time paid work. The unpaid work in the family is unequally divided. Women tend to have small, part-time jobs with low wages
b) over time, families are needing more and more dual income due to increased cost of living, but women are now working a “double day” or “second shift” after work to care for the children and do the housework
What changes occurred between 1976 and 2009 regarding mothers in the paid workforce?
Women on average have steadily increased their labour force participation:
- in 1976, 42% of women over the age of 15 were in the work force and men were 73%
- in 2004, 58% of women were in the workforce, and men were 68%
- in 2009, percentage of women remained employed was steady at 60%
- Mothers in the workforce
- in 1976, 27.5% of women with children under the age of three and 36.8% with children between 3 to 5
- in 2004, 69.7% of women with children between 3 to 5
- in 2009, 64.4% of women with children under the age of three
- lone mothers less likely to be employed than mothers in two-parent families
What has changed regarding time use when comparing our labour activity in 1986 to 2006 (Figure 10.1)?
Men:
1986-the time spent on paid work is 6.1 hours per day, 1.1 hours doing housework, and 1.0 hours doing other unpaid work
2006-the time spent on paid work is 6.3 hours per day (INCREASED), 1.1 hours doing housework (SAME), and 1.4 hours doing other unpaid work (INCREASED)
Women:
1986-the time spent on paid work is 3.3 hours per day, 2.0 hours doing housework, and 2.8 hours doing other unpaid work
2006-the time spent on paid work is 4.4 hours per day (INCREASED), 1.9 hours doing housework (DECREASED), and 2.4 hours doing other unpaid work (DECREASED)
Conclusion: Even though the time spent in childcare and unpaid work has increased, men still do most of the paid work and women do most of the unpaid work. The presence of children had no significant effect on men’s time in paid work, but significantly lowered the hours of paid work for women.
Does 2011 data show a wage gap between men and women?
- yes
- for full-time, full-year workers, women make an average income of $47,300 and men made $65,700
- women made 72% of the earnings of men
a) What have you learned in this course about federal maternity leave?
b) What criteria and benefits were provided as of 2001 in Canada, and to whom? (Mandell and Johnson, Chapter 10)
a) Canadian Federal and Provincial policies/programs for families assume a nuclear family, two cohabiting heterosexual partners and one or more children. Since 1971, under the Unemployment Insurance, mothers had 15 weeks of leave and both parents had 10 weeks of unemployment insurance compensation (could receive up to 25 weeks of compensation, 60% of earnings). In 1990, adoptive parents and biological fathers also entitled to benefits. Then Unemployment Insurance was replaced with Employment Insurance Act in 1966 as a program with fewer funds, now basis of hours of work to receive benefits (700 hours or 20 weeks of work at 35 hours per week in past 52 weeks, 55% of earnings for mothers for up to 25 weeks).
b) Mothers must meet 600 hours of insured work to access 15 weeks of maternity leave and 35 weeks of parental leave at 55% of earnings, for a total of 50 weeks paid leave. Nuclear family is still assumed and the 55% benefit rate assumes that pregnant women who qualify have partners who are primary income earners. Also assumes that there is availability of affordable, accessible and high-quality child care that will allow parents to come back to work.
a) What have you learned in this course about Canada’s childcare system?
b) How adequate is our current system?
c) Does Canada have a national daycare system? (Status Quo video).
d) Canada has space for what percentage of children age 0-5? (Note for 2017: the website childcaremanitoba.org contained this information, but if you cannot locate it there, the answer is also at http://canadianlabour.ca/issuesresearch/quality-affordable-child-care)
a) There is a lack of daycares for an increasing population of working women.
b) Our current system is not adequate at all. There are 2 year waitlists and huge monthly fees for these daycares. Some mothers are choosing to stay at home to live on welfare instead of going back to work.
c) In 2006, when the Harper government cancelled the National Childcare Program, and implemented a $100/month on childcare benefits, barely enough to buy groceries, the childcare system in Canada has made no progress. According to the NFB (2012), Canada is placed last in the childcare system department.
d) There are only enough regulated child care spaces for about 20% of kids under five.
a) What was the RCSW?
b) What have you learned about the RCSW in this course? (Chapter 1, Mandell and Johnson).
a) Royal Commission on the Status of Women, 1970, a benchmark moment of Canadian women’s rights, undertaking of liberal feminists and immigrant activist networks, proposed a human rights framework of equal opportunity
b) headed by Florence Bird, toured the country receiving briefs and hearing presentations from individuals and groups about the status of women in Canadian society; the right to choose homemaking or paid employment, shared responsibility for child care, the special treatment of women relating to their maternity and the special treatment of women to help them overcome adverse effects of discriminatory practices in Canadian society=167 RECOMMENDATIONS; some were implemented and many were not like national daycare program
* domestic violence against women was never mentioned
a) What does Tina Beads argue regarding justice and women’s rights? What are her key arguments?
c) What is a substantive equality model?
a) Women are subject to sexism based on their gender, where many encounter sexual assault. There are no services, even police who don’t help out women who have experienced sexual harassment or violence. The police training on Aboriginal women and sexual assault is only optional and there is no incentive for them to go. Aboriginal people are subject to racism and stereotypes of being poor, drunk, and aggressive. Many end up in jail and children are taken away and put into foster care.
b) Not being exactly equal to men, because some things women need more of or less of. Instead, must look at the realities of equal work hours, equal wages and take into consideration the unpaid work.
What are the statistics and figures given in our course regarding human trafficking? (Mandell and Johnson, Chapter 1)
- globally, 79% of all human trafficking is done for purposes of sexual exploitation of women and children, 18% trafficked for other labour purposes
- 44,000 victims of trafficking in a single year and 20 million more may have been missed
- generates $7 to $12 billion US per year
- Canada is not considered to have high rates of sex trafficking
