Final Exam Multiple Choice

Question 1

The main difference between human brains and the brains of their mammalian relatives is that human brains tend to be bigger and

a) whiter
b) all gray
c) have more cortex
d) have two hemispheres
e) both C and D

Answer 1

c) have more cortex

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a species-specific behaviour?

a) detect and interpret sensory signals
b) reproductive behaviour
c) feed, drink, and sleep
d) learning and behavioural change
e) playing the guitar

Answer 2

e) playing the guitar

Question 3

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a) fear/anxiety in rodents can be estimate by specific behavioural tests
b) brain imaging techniques (e.g., fMRI) provide direct, causal evidence for psychological states
c) measures of autonomic nervous system activity can be used to infer emotional states
d) internal psychological processes and emotion states are accessible only by means of some overt behavioural expression

Answer 3

b) brain imaging techniques (e.g., fMRI) provide direct, causal evidence for psychological states

Question 4

A strength of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________, whereas a weakness of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________.

a) it deals directly with human patients; it focuses on drug treatments
b) it focuses on human brain-damaged patients; its focus on human patients as subjects usually precludes experiments
c) it focuses on nonhuman subjects; it focuses on pharmacological manipulations
d) it focuses on nonhuman subjects; its focus on nonhuman subjects usually precludes experiments

Answer 4

b) it focuses on human brain-damaged patients; its focus on human patients as subjects usually precludes experiments

Question 5

The research of a biopsychologist working for a drug company would likely be

a) largely pure
b) completely pure
c) psychopharmacological
d) applied
e) both C and D

Answer 5

e) both C and D

Question 6

Thiamine-deficient rats display

a) memory deficits
b) brain damage
c) excessive thirst
d) anxiety
e) both a and b

Answer 6

e) both a and b

Question 7

The visual system bases its perception of motion on a comparison between movement of the image on the

a) two retinas
b) retina and contractions of the eye muscles
c) retina and movement of the eyes
d) retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles
e) cornea and its movement on the retina

Answer 7

d) retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles

Question 8

Which sub-discipline of biopsychology is identified with the measurement of heart rate and performance during a Brain and Behaviour final exam in humans?

a) experimental psychology
b) neuropsychology
c) physiological psychology
d) psychophysiology
e) psychopharmacology

Answer 8

d) psychophysiology

Question 9

The corpus callosum is a

a) part of the neocortex
b) large medical dictionary
b) source of hypothalamic hormones
d) membership directory of the Society for Neuroscience
e) neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres

Answer 9

e) neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres

Question 10

Tony is testing the effectiveness of a new drug to improve the lives of people with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). What type of research is this?

a) beneficial research
b) case-study research
c) pure research
d) correlational research
e) applied research

Answer 10

e) applied research

Question 11

According to the online Module for week 1, which of the following abilities lies at the core of human behaviour?

a) abstract thought
b) planning
c) complex movement
d) emotional responsiveness
e) reasoning

Answer 11

c) complex movement

Question 12

In a biopsychology experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the experimental conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the

a) dependent variable
b) within-subject variable
c) confounded variable
d) independent variable

Answer 12

d) independent variable

Question 13

The differences between the brains of humans and those of related species are more ______________ than _________________.

a) pronounced; once thought
b) qualitative; quantitative
c) quantitative; qualitative
d) superficial; real

Answer 13

c) quantitative; qualitative

Question 14

Class-common behaviours are:

a) behaviours performed by all humans
b) behaviours performed by rats and humans
c) behaviours performed by all members of a class of animals
d) the only behaviours of interest to biopsychologists
e) a, b, & c are correct
f) all of the above are correct

Answer 14

e) a, b, & c are correct

Question 15

Psychobiology, behavioural biology, and behavioural neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for

a) biopsychology
b) neuroscience
c) cognitive behavior
d) neurophysiology
e) behavioral psychology

Answer 15

a) biopsychology

Question 16

Which behavioural test is used to measure anxiety in rats?

a) the elevated plus maze
b) the water maze
c) the Y maze
d) the elevated A maze
e) none of the above

Answer 16

a) the elevated plus maze

Question 17

The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called

a) alleles
b) genotypes
c) gametes
d) phenotypes
e) dominants

Answer 17

a) alleles

Question 18

Darwin suggested a mechanism for evolution:

a) genes
b) natural selection
c) sex
d) all of the above
e) none of the above

Answer 18

b) natural selection

Question 19

Which of the following statements about evolution is correct?

a) humans have existed for most of the earth’s history
b) there are more species in existence today than during all other times throughout evolution
c) some existing behaviours or body features that have evolved are not adaptive
d) evolution proceeds in a straight line (towards a goal)
e) evolution is a slow, gradual process of adapting to a changing environment

Answer 19

c) some existing behaviours or body features that have evolved are not adaptive

Question 20

The myelencephalon is also often called the

a) medulla
b) brain stem
c) hypothalamus
d) cortex
e) midbrain

Answer 20

a) medulla

Question 21

The direction toward the back of your head is

a) anterior
b) dorsal
c) inferior
d) ventral
e) posterior

Answer 21

e) posterior

Question 22

Synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the

a) nodes of Ranvier
b) postsynaptic membranes
c) dendrites
d) button
e) nucleus

Answer 22

d) button

Question 23

CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to

a) Schwann cells
b) microglia
c) oligoaxonocytes
d) astrocytes
e) glial cells

Answer 23

a) Schwann cells

Question 24

Applying stimulation to the occipital lobe/visual cortex during Braille reading in blind individuals will

a) improve visual perception
b) has no effects on reading performance
c) cause participants to learn Braille at a faster rate
d) enhance reading performance
e) interfere with reading performance

Answer 24

e) interfere with reading performance

Question 25

The neurons of the dorsal roots are

a) tracts
b) sensory
c) bipolar
d) multipolar polar
e) motor

Answer 25

b) sensory

Question 26

Convergent evolution produces structures that are

a) convergent
b) analogous
c) homologous
d) both A and C
e) both B and C

Answer 26

b) analogous

Question 27

The sensitive period for the development of a particular trait is the period

a) of chronic pain
b) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait
c) of neural regeneration
d) of fertility
e) of sexual receptivity

Answer 27

b) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait

Question 28

Social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often

a) are much larger
b) kill their mates
c) kill their competitors
d) produce more offspring than non-dominant males
e) become seriously injured

Answer 28

d) produce more offspring than non-dominant males

Question 29

Identical is to fraternal as

a) dizygotic is to monozygotic
b) two is to one
c) culture is to experience
d) polyzygotic is to monozygotic
e) monozygotic is to dizygotic

Answer 29

e) monozygotic is to dizygotic

Question 30

Mendel’s early experiments challenged the central premise upon which previous ideas about inheritance had rested. This was the premise that

a) white seeds are dominant
b) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents
c) some traits are dominant and some are recessive.
d) there is only one gene for each trait
e) there are two genes for each trait

Answer 30

b) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents

Question 31

What mechanism can explain the transmission of specific behavioural responses to threatening objects or situations experienced by the parents to their own offspring?

a) trans-genetics
b) genomics
c) quasi-genetics
d) genetics
e) epigenetics

Answer 31

e) epigenetics

Question 32

______________ matter is composed largely of myelinated axons.

a) White
b) Soma
c) Golgi
d) Dura
e) Gray

Answer 32

a) White

Question 33

Each strand of DNA is a sequence of ________ bases.

a) nucleotide
b) codons
c) thymine
d) deoxyribonucleic
e) protein

Answer 33

a) nucleotide

Question 34

The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the

a) ANS and PNS
b) brain and brain stem
c) SNS and ANS
d) spinal cord and brain stem
e) none of the above

Answer 34

e) none of the above

Question 35

In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information

a) to the CNS
b) from the brain
c) from the cortex
d) to the PNS
e) from the CNS

Answer 35

a) to the CNS

Question 36

A major purpose of Chapter 2 of Biopsychology is to teach you NOT to think about the biology of behaviour in terms of

a) traditional dichotomies
b) Cartesian dualism
c) instinct
d) the brain
e) psychology

Answer 36

a) traditional dichotomies

Question 37

The experiment by Beninger and Vanderwolf asking if rats are able to discriminate their own behaviour showed that

a) rats know if they are walking or grooming
b) rats do not have the ability to monitor their own behaviour
c) rats know if they are swimming or climbing
d) rats know if they are eating or drinking
e) A, C, and D are all correct

Answer 37

a) rats know if they are walking or grooming

Question 38

Which of the following two factors produce similar effects on neuron structure?

a) stress and environmental enrichment
b) social housing and stress
c) stress and impoverished housing
d) exercise and impoverished housing
e) none of the above

Answer 38

c) stress and impoverished housing

Question 39

A cross-section of the spinal cord gray matter reveals four arms; among these are the two

a) lateral roots
b) lateral horns
c) ventral routes
d) ventral roots
e) ventral horns

Answer 39

e) ventral horns

Question 40

The Golgi stain allows scientist to visualize

a) every single neuron in the brain simultaneously
b) the cell body (soma)
c) only axons
d) an entire neuron
e) only dendritic spines

Answer 40

d) an entire neuron

Question 41

Which of the following scientists are best known for discovering the chemical nature of communication between neurons?

a) Donald Hebb and Henry Dale
b) Santiago Ramon Y Cajal and Camillo Golgi
c) Henry Dale and Otto Loewi
d) Andrew Hodgkin and Alen Huxley

Answer 41

c) Henry Dale and Otto Loewi

Question 42

You have just identified a novel membrane receptor in rat neocortical neurons. The receptor has a heptahelical transmembrane domain and responds to serotonin. Activation of the receptor hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron and this effect is mediated by G protein activation. This receptor is most likely a(n):

a) Ionotropic receptor
b) Voltage-gated ion channel
c) Ligand-gated ion channel
d) Metabotropic receptor

Answer 42

d) Metabotropic receptor

Question 43

In a famous experiment that led to the discovery of chemical neurotransmission, what was done to a frog’s heart?

a) It was connected to the vagus nerve of another frog’s heart
b) It was isolated (detached) from its vagus nerve
c) It was placed in a bath of dilute palytoxin
d) It was detached from the excitatory branch of its vagus nerve

Answer 43

b) It was isolated (detached) from its vagus nerve

Question 44

Which of the following statements is true regarding graded potentials?

a) Graded potentials are non-decremental and “all-or-none”
b) Graded potentials move faster along myelinated axons than unmyelinated axons
c) The magnitude of a graded potential is determined by the magnitude of the stimulus
d) Graded potentials are hyperpolarizing and counteract action potentials

Answer 44

c) The magnitude of a graded potential is determined by the magnitude of the stimulus

Question 45

Depression is commonly treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Which of the following drugs would likely exacerbate the symptoms of depression?

a) A serotonin receptor agonist
b) A drug that increases serotonin release from presynaptic neurons
c) A norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
d) A serotonin receptor antagonist

Answer 45

d) A serotonin receptor antagonist

Question 46

Aricept is a drug commonly used to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Aricept improves memory by preventing the enzymatic breakdown of a neurotransmitter that is less abundant in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Which neurotransmitter system does Aricept primarily alter?

a) GABA
b) Acetylcholine
c) Glutamate
d) Dopamine

Answer 46

b) Acetylcholine

Question 47

Curare is a compound that functions as a muscle relaxant by reducing signal transmission at neuromuscular junctions. This drug is most likely a(n):

a) Epinephrine receptor agonist
b) Glutamate receptor antagonist
c) Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
d) Acetylcholine receptor agonist

Answer 47

c) Acetylcholine receptor antagonist

Question 48

Which of the following techniques can be used to record electrical potentials of single neurons?

a) Electroencephalography
b) Functional magnetic resonance imaging
c) Electron microscopy
d) Positron emission tomography
e) Microelectrode recording

Answer 48

e) Microelectrode recording

Question 49

Schizophrenia is associated with excessive levels of dopamine in the brain. Schizophrenia is often treated with medications that selectively antagonize dopamine receptors. Which of the following would be the most likely side effect of such medications?

a) Depression
b) Pseudoparkinsonism
c) Pseudodementia
d) Mania

Answer 49

b) Pseudoparkinsonism

Question 50

While recording from a hippocampal neuron, you see that an electrical event has occurred that changed the membrane potential from -65 mV to -70 mV. This event was an ________________ and the membrane became _________________.

a) IPSP; depolarized
b) EPSP; hyperpolarized
c) IPSP; hyperpolarized
d) EPSP; depolarized

Answer 50

c) IPSP; hyperpolarized

Question 51

In a video, Dr. Soutar presented evidence that the enzyme aromatase is present throughout the neocortex of rats. The presence of this enzyme suggests that _____ is produced in the brain of rats.

a) Serotonin
b) Testosterone
c) Estrogen
d) Acetylcholine
e) Dopamine

Answer 51

c) Estrogen

Question 52

Which of the following points about neurotransmitters is false?

a) They are released into the synaptic cleft upon presynaptic neuron activation
b) They act on receptors to excite or inhibit nearby postsynaptic neurons
c) They are synthesized within the postsynaptic site (spine)
d) They are stored within vesicles prior to release

Answer 52

c) They are synthesized within the postsynaptic site (spine)

Question 53

The effect of tetrodotoxin on neuron activity demonstrates the necessity of _______________ activity for ___________________.

a) Voltage gated potassium channel; hyperpolarization
b) Sodium-potassium pump; maintaining the resting membrane potential
c) Voltage gated potassium channel; repolarization
d) Voltage gated sodium channel; membrane depolarization

Answer 53

d) Voltage gated sodium channel; membrane depolarization

Question 54

Vasovagal syncope occurs when one faints due to overstimulation of the vagus nerve. Overstimulation of the vagus nerve can cause fainting by rapidly:

a) Decreasing balance
b) Increasing blood pressure
c) Decreasing heart rate
d) Increasing heart rate

Answer 54

c) Decreasing heart rate

Question 55

A drug that binds to and activates a receptor is called a(n) ________________ for that receptor.

a) Agonist
b) Partial agonist
c) Competitive antagonist
d) Antagonist

Answer 55

a) Agonist

Question 56

The sodium-potassium pump moves

a) 2 sodium ions into the cell and 3 potassium ions out of the cell
b) 3 sodium ions into the cell and 2 potassium ions out of the cell
c) 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell
d) 2 sodium ions out of the cell and 3 potassium ions out of the cell

Answer 56

c) 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell

Question 57

Given the tendency of sodium ions to flow into the cell, which of the following is true about the concentration gradient for sodium at rest?

a) The extracellular sodium concentration is greater than the intracellular concentration
b) The intracellular and extracellular sodium concentrations are equal
c) The intracellular sodium concentration is greater than the extracellular concentration
d) Both A and C may be true

Answer 57

a) The extracellular sodium concentration is greater than the intracellular concentration

Question 58

Which of the following is true of gap junctions (electrical synapses)?

a) Gap junctions allow for electrical transmission within neurons
b) Gap junctions allow for electrical transmission between neurons
c) Gap junctions are larger than synapses
d) Large molecule neurotransmitters can pass through gap junctions

Answer 58

b) Gap junctions allow for electrical transmission between neurons

Question 59

According to evidence presented in Module 7, treating/correcting visual deficits in children should be

a) done early, because the eyes have greater potential to regenerate
b) done in later childhood, when children are better able to cope with stressful medical procedures
c) done early, when children are less aware of the stressful medical procedures
d) performed only when children are able to legally agree to the procedure
e) done early to allow the brain to adjust to the visual signals it receives

Answer 59

e) done early to allow the brain to adjust to the visual signals it receives

Question 60

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of

a) oxygenated blood flow.
b) fluorodeoxyglucose.
c) nitric oxide flow.
d) water flow.
e) alpha waves.

Answer 60

a) oxygenated blood flow.

Question 61

Subcortical electrodes can be accurately implanted using

a) signal averaging.
b) stereotaxic surgery.
c) non-invasive surgery
d) temporal resolution.
e) cerebral angiography.

Answer 61

b) stereotaxic surgery.

Question 62

Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid

a) are neurotoxins.
b) destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged.
c) are selective dopamine agonists.
d) are selective dopamine antagonists.
e) both A and B

Answer 62

e) both A and B

Question 63

Ocular dominance columns are

a) part of the retina responding only to one eye
b) part of the temporal lobe responding only to one eye
c) part of the visual cortex responding only to one eye
d) evidence that the brain responds stronger to one of the two eyes
e) both c and d

Answer 63

c) part of the visual cortex responding only to one eye

Question 64

Neuroscientists insert specific opsin genes into particular neurons so that exposure to light influences their activity. This technique is generally referred to as

a) mmunochemistry.
b) optogenetics.
c) brainbow.
d) autoradiography.
e) in situ hybridization.

Answer 64

b) optogenetics.

Question 65

A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by

a) radio-frequency current.
b) excision or cutting.
c) cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it.
d) invasive EEG
e) aspiration or suction.

Answer 65

c) cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it.

Question 66

With respect to vision, wavelength is to intensity as

a) color is to brightness
b) color is to pattern.
c) wavelength is to color.
d) vision is to audition.
e) color is to loudness.

Answer 66

a) color is to brightness

Question 67

You are able to see and consciously perceive objects, locations, colours, and movements all at once, together in a single, perceptual scene. The question of how this is achieved is the

a) blinding problem
b) binding problem
c) perceptual constancy problem
d) colour constancy problem
e) the visual unity problem

Answer 67

b) binding problem

Question 68

Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research?

a) Most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes.
b) Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes.
c) The effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience.
d) all of the above
e) none of the above

Answer 68

d) all of the above

Question 69

On-center and off-center cells respond best to

a) high illumination.
b) contrast.
c) low illumination.
d) consistency.

Answer 69

b) contrast.

Question 70

The 3Rs of ethical animal research stand for

a) reduce redundancies and replication
b) none of the above
c) replace, reduce, and refine
d) reduce, reuse, and recycle
e) regulation, reconstruction, and resilience

Answer 70

c) replace, reduce, and refine

Question 71

Feller and Van Essen have identified visual areas in the

a) occipital and frontal lobe
b) occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe
c) occipital and temporal lobe
d) occipital, parietal, and temporal lobe
c) occipital and parietal lobe

Answer 71

b) occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe

Question 72

Light enters the human eye through an opening in the iris called the

a) retina.
b) pupil.
c) cornea.
d) sclera.
e) fovea

Answer 72

b) pupil.

Question 73

The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized

a) from left to right.
b) from top to bottom.
c) on the basis of wavelength.
d) ipsilaterally.
e) retinotopically.

Answer 73

e) retinotopically.

Question 74

According to one theory, the dorsal stream is involved in the perception of __________________ and the ventral stream is involved in the perception of ___________________.

a) what objects are; where objects are
b) objects; faces
c) faces; objects
d) where objects are; what objects are

Answer 74

d) where objects are; what objects are

Question 75

The University Animal Care Committee (UACC) is responsible for

a) ensuring that the use of animals in research meets or exceeds the standards of animal welfare established by the Animals for Research Act (Ontario), and the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
b) teaching and promoting the ethical use and management of animals in research by providing training to personnel engaged in the care and research of animals
c) working with investigators and instructors to create a research and teaching environment that promotes animal welfare
d) working with the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) to ensure that all animal care facilities at Queen’s University meet or exceed the standards of care
e) all of the above

Answer 75

e) all of the above

Question 76

At least two parallel channels of communication flow through each lateral geniculate nucleus. One runs through the ______________ layers and a second runs through the _____________ layers.

a) simple; complex
b) on-centered; off-centered
c) blob; non-blob
d) parvocellular; magnocellular

Answer 76

d) parvocellular; magnocellular

Question 77

In a study discussed for Module 6, male and female rats were compared for their levels of anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). The results showed that

a) females were more anxious than males
b) males were more anxious than females
c) males were more anxious only during the first 5 min of testing
d) females were more anxious only during the first 5 min of testing
e) males and females were equally anxious

Answer 77

b) males were more anxious than females

Question 78

The receptive field of a visual neuron is the area of th

a) striate cortex within which stimulation can activate the neuron.
b) striate cortex within which stimulation can inhibit the neuron.
c) visual field within which the suitable visual stimulus can influence the firing of the neuron.
d) retina within which stimulation with diffuse light can activate the neuron.
e) either A or B

Answer 78

c) visual field within which the suitable visual stimulus can influence the firing of the neuron.

Question 79

In comparison to simple cortical cells, complex cells

a) have larger receptive fields.
b) do not have receptive fields with static “on” and “off” areas.
c) are often bilateral.
d) all of the above

Answer 79

d) all of the above

Question 80

Binocular disparity

a) is usually corrected by surgery.
b) results from neural convergence.
c) is an important depth-perception cue.
d) is mediated by the lateral geniculate.
e) is usually corrected by glasses.

Answer 80

c) is an important depth-perception cue.

Question 81

The case of D.F. provides strong support for Goodale and Milner’s theory of the functions of the dorsal and ventral streams. D.F.

a) could respond accurately to things that she did not consciously see.
b) has bilateral damage to her ventral prestriate area.
c) has bilateral damage to her posterior parietal cortex.
d) both A and B

Answer 81

d) both A and B

Question 82

The most widely used test of short-term memory is the

a) token test.
b) digit span test.
c) sodium amytal test.
d) Wisconsin card sorting test
e) WAIS.

Answer 82

b) digit span test.

Question 83

Pain is a complex perceptual experience with sensory/discriminative and emotional dimensions. Which of the following brain regions is not primarily involved in the emotional dimension of pain processing?

a) The anterior cingulate cortex
b) The primary somatosensory cortex
c) The amygdala
d) The medial prefrontal cortex

Answer 83

b) The primary somatosensory cortex

Question 84

Every pure tone preferentially stimulates a particular subpopulation of A1 neurons, and each A1 neuron maximally responds to a particular frequency. The frequency to which an A1 neuron maximally responds is called its:

a) Fundamental frequency
b) Harmonic frequency
c) Characteristic frequency
d) Tonotopic frequency

Answer 84

c) Characteristic frequency

Question 85

Signals from multiple sensory modalities are integrated to produce coherent perceptual experiences. Which of the following regions is important for sensory integration?

a) The precentral gyrus
b) The angular gyrus
c) The postcentral gyrus
d) The cingulate gyrus

Answer 85

b) The angular gyrus

Question 86

A study conducted by researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health showed that regular physical activity can reduce the occurrence of depressive episodes in healthy adults. Which of the following statements about this study is true?

a) Both low-intensity and high-intensity exercises were associated with lower rates of depression
b) Only high-intensity exercise was associated with lower rates of depression
c) Moderate-intensity exercise was associated with the largest reduction in depression
d) Only low-intensity exercise was associated with lower rates of depression

Answer 86

a) Both low-intensity and high-intensity exercises were associated with lower rates of depression

Question 87

Which of the following physical/perceptual dimension pairs associated with sound and hearing is incorrect?

a) Frequency, pitch
b) Amplitude, loudness
c) Complexity, timbre
d) Complexity, location

Answer 87

d) Complexity, location

Question 88

Neurons that respond to activation of two distinct sensory systems (found in association cortex) are called:

a) Bipolar neurons
b) Interneurons
c) Bimodal neurons
d) Binocular neurons

Answer 88

c) Bimodal neurons

Question 89

You have just completed data collection for an experiment investigating the effects of social interactions on pain perception. You find that undergraduate students tend to report less pain (lower pain intensity) in response to painful stimuli when they are tested in groups, rather than when they are tested alone. The presence of one’s peers improves one’s mood and thereby reduces the negative emotional aspects of the pain. This is evidence for which of the following?

a) Ascending control of pain
b) Placebo effect
c) Inhibitory control of pain
d) Descending control of pain

Answer 89

d) Descending control of pain

Question 90

Your housemate has been cramming for her exams. She has pulled 2 all-nighters in the last week and has slept less than 7 hours each night that she did sleep. If you were to review a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan of your housemate’s brain, what would you expect to see?

a) Increased activity in the hippocampus
b) Decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex
c) Increased activity in the angular gyrus
d) Decreased activity in the occipital lobe
e) none of the above

Answer 90

b) Decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex

Question 91

A young woman has a tumor in her right hemisphere that has damaged the right ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Which of the following perceptual disturbances would you expect this woman to exhibit?

a) Reduced vision in the right eye
b) Reduced somatosensation on the left side of her face
c) Reduced vision in the left eye
d) Reduced somatosensation on the right side of her face

Answer 91

b) Reduced somatosensation on the left side of her face

Question 92

Which of the following hypotheses suggests that synesthesia results from abnormal connectivity between brain regions involved in processing sensory signals?

a) The cross-talk hypothesis
b) The semantic vacuum hypothesis
c) The neonatal synesthesia hypothesis
d) The inhibition failure hypothesis

Answer 92

a) The cross-talk hypothesis

Question 93

Which technique is used to break down a complex sound consisting of multiple sound waves into its component sine waves?

a) Fourier analysis
b) Timbre analysis
c) Pitch analysis
d) Frequency analysis

Answer 93

a) Fourier analysis

Question 94

Which of the following spatial memory tasks involves a target hole and escape box localized by visual cues?

a) Morris water maze
b) Radial arm maze
c) Hebb-Williams maze
d) Barnes maze

Answer 94

d) Barnes maze

Question 95

In the study conducted by Vilela et al. (2016) that Dr. Soutar presented in module 9, what strength training exercise did the rats complete for 8 weeks?

a) Level treadmill running
b) Weighted ladder climbing
c) Weighted Barnes maze climbing
d) Weighted treadmill walking

Answer 95

b) Weighted ladder climbing

Question 96

In the 8-Hour Sleep Challenge study conducted by King et al. (2018), what was the main finding pertaining to the effects of the sleep challenge on final project performance?

a) Students who participated in the challenge did better on the final project
b) Students who had more consistent sleep leading up to the project deadline did better on the final project
c) Students who participated in the challenge had more consistent sleep
d) Both b and c

Answer 96

d) Both b and c

Question 97

The current model of sensory system organization is:

a) Hierarchical, functionally homogeneous, and serial
b) Hierarchical, functionally segregated, and parallel
c) Hierarchical, functionally homogenous, and parallel
d) Hierarchical, functionally segregated, and serial

Answer 97

b) Hierarchical, functionally segregated, and parallel

Question 98

Which of the following would you not expect to be improved by regular aerobic exercise?

a) Attention
b) Working memory
c) Vocabulary
d) Memory recall

Answer 98

c) Vocabulary

Question 99

According to the DEEP framework by Kempermann (2019), lifestyle factors and activities cluster to form four dimensions. Which of the following factors/activities is not paired with the correct dimension?

a) Sufficient hydration: Diet
b) Environmental enrichment: Education
c) Artistic and craft activities: Purpose
d) Controlled blood lipids: Exercise

Answer 99

d) Controlled blood lipids: Exercise

Question 100

In the online module, you were introduced to a potential negative effect of excessive social media usage on cognitive functioning. What was it?

a) Reduced executive function
b) Divided attention
c) Impaired memory recall
d) Reduced verbal fluency

Answer 100

b) Divided attention

Question 101

You are conducting an experiment examining the impact of physical exercise on hippocampal plasticity in rats. You train your rats to run on a treadmill for 30 minutes every other day for 8 weeks. Which of the following would you expect to observe following the exercise program?

a) Decreased hippocampal spine density
b) Increased hippocampal spine density
c) Reduced levels of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF
d) Both b and c
e) none of the above

Answer 101

b) Increased hippocampal spine density

Question 102

Studying the brains of musicians, researchers have found anatomical changes in all of the following areas with the exception of the

a) cerebellum
b) occipital lobe
c) corpus callosum
d) planum temporale
e) primary motor cortex

Answer 102

b) occipital lobe

Question 103

The radial arm maze assesses what type of memories?

a) recent and remote
b) reference and implicit
c) explicit and implicit
d) reference and working
e) spatial and explicit

Answer 103

d) reference and working

Question 104

Intrafusal is to extrafusal as

a) muscle spindle is to skeletal muscle.
b) voluntary is to reflex.
c) dynamic is to static.
d) voluntary is to ballistic.
e) CNS is to PNS.

Answer 104

a) muscle spindle is to skeletal muscle.

Question 105

In general, the dorsolateral corticospinal tract controls the muscles of the

a) thighs.
b) hands and feet.
c) body core.
d) proximal limbs.
e) legs.

Answer 105

b) hands and feet.

Question 106

Which kinds of movements are NOT influenced by sensory feedback?

a) ballistic movements
b) innate movements
c) practiced movements
d) unpracticed movements
e) reflexive movements

Answer 106

a) ballistic movements

Question 107

The human medial temporal lobe includes the

a) hippocampus.
b) amygdala.
c) medial temporal cortex.
d) CA1 subfield.
e) all of the above

Answer 107

e) all of the above

Question 108

The response properties of dorsolateral prefrontal neurons suggest that

a) damage to this area of cortex is responsible for contralateral neglect.
b) decisions to initiate voluntary movements may be made in this area of cortex.
c) damage to this area of cortex is responsible for apraxia.
d) decisions to initiate voluntary movements are probably not made in the frontal lobes.
e) none of the above

Answer 108

b) decisions to initiate voluntary movements may be made in this area of cortex.

Question 109

The cerebellum and striatum are thought to

a) store memories for stimulus-response outcomes and motor skills, respectively.
b) store working memory and reward memories, respectively.
c) not play a role in memory storage.
d) store memories for sensory-motor skills and stimulus-response relationships, respectively.
e) store motor and declarative memories, respectively.

Answer 109

d) store memories for sensory-motor skills and stimulus-response relationships, respectively.

Question 110

In the ________________________ task, a monkey is presented with a distinctive object (the sample object), under which it finds food. Then, after a specified delay, the monkey is presented with two test objects: the sample object and an unfamiliar object. The monkey must select the unfamiliar object to receive a food reward.

a) delayed matching-to-sample
b) nondelayed matching-to-sample
c) repetition priming
d) delayed nonmatching-to-sample

Answer 110

d) delayed nonmatching-to-sample

Question 111

According to Pinel and Barnes, the fundamental principles of sensory-motor function are

a) hierarchical organization
b) guidance of motor output by incoming sensory information
c) learning and behavioural change
d) feed-forward and feed-back control
e) a, b, and c are all correct
f) all of the above are correct

Answer 111

e) a, b, and c are all correct

Question 112

Does the spinal cord play a role in learning and memory storage

a) true
b) false

Answer 112

a) true

Question 113

Korsakoff’s syndrome is typically associated with

a) amnesia.
b) chronic alcohol consumption.
c) damage to the medial diencephalon.
d) confusion and personality changes.
e) all of the above

Answer 113

e) all of the above

Question 114

According to an experiment discussed on Module 11, short-term memories in rats are stored in the

a) hippocampus
b) prefrontal cortex
c) amygdala
d) neocortex
e) cerebellum

Answer 114

b) prefrontal cortex

Question 115

A neurological patient who shaves only the right side of his face and does not put his left arm into his sweater likely has a lesion in his right

a) primary motor area.
b) posterior parietal lobe.
c) dorsolateral frontal lobe.
d) supplementary motor cortex.
e) premotor area.

Answer 115

b) posterior parietal lobe.

Question 116

The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock was demonstrated in a classic study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975) in which the memory for __________ was assessed.

a) faces
b) digits
c) television shows that played for only one year
d) shocks
e) names

Answer 116

c) television shows that played for only one year

Question 117

A study of the firing of primary motor cortex neurons while monkeys moved freely about indicated that their firing was often related to the

a) acceleration of the movement.
b) direction of the movement.
c) speed of the movement.
d) end point (i.e., target) of the movement.
e) purpose of the movement.

Answer 117

d) end point (i.e., target) of the movement.

Question 118

Memory re-consolidation can be blocked by

a) extinction training
b) protein synthesis inhibitors
c) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
d) both a and b
e) a, b, and c

Answer 118

d) both a and b

Question 119

In general, the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to

a) program specific patterns of movement.
b) terminate response sequences.
c) mediate reflexes.
d) specialize in guiding learned sequences.
e) provide the major input to spinal motor circuits.

Answer 119

a) program specific patterns of movement.

Question 120

Patient H.M. had

a) impaired explicit and impaired implicit memory
b) impaired short-term memory and impaired (old, remote) long-term memory
c) impaired short-term memory and intact (old, remote) long-term memory
d) intact explicit and impaired implicit memory
e) intact short-term memory and intact (old, remote) long-term memory

Answer 120

e) intact short-term memory and intact (old, remote) long-term memory

Question 121

Muscles are protected from damage caused by excessive contraction by

a) gamma efferents.
b) spindle afferents.
c) extrafusal motor pools.
d) Golgi tendon organs.
e) synergistic muscles.

Answer 121

d) Golgi tendon organs.