Final Exam-Modernism Flashcards
Artist: Watteau, Antoine
Title: Return from Cythera
Date: 1720
fete gallante(courtship party)
French Academy/Rococo bridge
Artist: Boucher
Title: Cupid a Captive
Date: 1755
Less Painterly/Brushy than Watteau
More priority to Diagonal Line(Raphael’s Galatea Poussin’s Abduction of Sabine Women)
Artist: Fragonard
Title: The Meeting, from the Loves of the Shepherds
Date: 1770
18th cent Sacharine Work
Gardens, Statue of Venus an and Cupid
Rococo period, return from Versailles
Artist: Vigee-Lebrun
Title: Marie Antoinette and her Children
Date: 1790
Female Artist, welcome in Rococo
Informal Portraiture of Royalty (contrasting with Rigaud’s Louis 14th-power and importance)
What are some Cultural changes that accompany NeoClassicism and Romanticism?
ENLIGHTENMENT (Age of Reason)
Geocentric model to Heliocentric model of Solar System
Art began to question social heirarchy
Contrast: Brugel’s depiction of Peasants and Royal birth as Natural Selection
Rousseau’s, Du Contrat Social 1760 (Integrity of NationState instead of Royal Birth)
What characteristics define Neoclassicism?
1780-1820ce
A return to inspiration from classcial Greek and Roman Art
Rejected Rococo
Last 20 years overlaps First 20 of Romanticism
Artist: David, Jacques-Louis
Title: Oath of the Horatii
Date: 1785
NeoClassicism (Artists were attracted to democratic Republican phase of Rome.)
Linear/Poussin/Clarity
3 Soldiers as 1 - Serve NationState
Artist: Jacques-Louis David
Title: Death of Marat
Date: 1790
Neoclassicism (Martyr of the State)
Compare: Caravaggio’s Entombment(weight of figure, dramatic light)
Mirroring of Jesus’ right arm
Artist: Benjamin West
Title: The Death of General Wolfe
Date: 1770
Neoclassicism(British General’s death while defeating France)
West-Founder of British Royal Academy of Art
Contempory attire was controversial(normally classical garb corresponding to contemporary event)
Compare to Giotto’s Lamentation? Decent from Cross?
Artist: Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Title: Large Odalisque
Date: 1814
Romanticism
Emotion: Aloof compared to inviting gaze of Titian’s Venus of Urbino
Slave/pleasure device(Tales of Exotic Lands), as opposed to goddess of carnal love
Artist: Géricault, Théodore
Title: Raft of the Medusa
Date: 1820
Romanticism(crit of political corruption/incompetince/nepotism, Nature as Force)
Diagonal line/Forward Motion
Contrast with Versailles Nature Controlled geometric gardens.
Artist: Delacroix, Eugene
Title: Women of Algiers
Date: 1834
Romanticism(Near East Exoticism/Fear of own civilization)
Artist: Goya
Title: Family of Charles IV
Date: 1800
Romanticism? (Spanish open to French Ideals, but couldn’t turn to France due to French Revolution)
Compare: Velazquez’ Las Meninas-Artist as Royalty.
Artist: Goya
Title: Duke of Wellington
Date: ?
Artist: Goya, Francisco
Title: Third of May 1808
Date: 1815
Romanticism(Faceless political army shooting the unarmed, light on “hero”)
compare: Neoclassicist naming of Death of General Wolfe vs. unnamed Goya
Raft of Medusa?
Artist: Turner
Title: Slave Ship
Date: 1840
Romaticism: (FEEL plight of slaves tossed over)
Artist: Turner
Title: Rain, Steam, and Speed
Date: 1845
Romanticism: Man harnessing Steam, Landscape excuse for emotional response?
Artist: Caspar David Friedrich
Title: Abbey in Oak Forest
Date: 1810
German
Romanticism: (Picturesque Ruin, Framed by Oaks, )
Mood: Religion connecting with landscape
Artist: Constable, John
Title: The Haywain
Date: 1820
Romance & Realism
Real: Landscape observable fact, painted outdoors, Atttention to Light(dots of white everywhere)
Romance: Peasants, Everyday People
Artist: Constable
Title: Haywain Sketch
Date: 1820
Romance & Realism
Sketched on location
Artist: Bouguereau
Title: Nymphs and Satyr
Date: 1873
NOT REALISM
Mainstream Culture
Lighthearted
Artist: Millet, Jean-Francois
Title: The Gleaners
Date: 1860
Realism:
Sympathy for Peasant, Social Activism,
Emotional response, political reform.
Artist: Courbet, Gustave
Title: The Stone Breakers
Date: 1850
Realism:
Leader of Realist Movement
Direct observation/Experience
Plight of Working Man
Artist: Courbet, Gustave
Title: The Studio: A Real Allegory of Seven Years of Life as and Artist
Date: 1855
Realism
Contrast: Velazquez depicted Royalty. Nude and Boy about Artist…Undisguised, True to Appearance, and Fresh Eyes on Nature.
Artist: Courbet, Gustave
Title: A Burial at Ornans
Date: 1850
Realism
Contrast: Raft of Medusa remains beautiful, Courbet is more real.
Artist: Daumier, Honoré
Title: The Third-Class Carriage
Date: 1860
Realism: City Life, Class Distinction
What are characteristics of Realism?
Realism looked to the world around us in an unmediated way.
Often included people from lower class (and effects of Industrial Revolution on working class), Sympathy.
It was a revolution: Reaction to Romaticism and History Painting
What are Characteristics of Impressionism?
Disdain of French Academy
Disdain of middle-class leisure painting
Spontaneous/Immediate reaction to Nature
Painted outside and left canvas “unfinished”
Often focused on fugitive light effects
Artist: Manet, Édouard
Title: Olympia
Date: 1860
Impressionism(influenced by Realism): reality of prostitute instead of leisure middle-class
Flattened image, Light comes brightly from the front.
Outline and pattern more that 3D.
Contrast: Titian’s Venus of Urbino, inviting gaze
Artist: Manet
Title: Luncheon on the Grass
Date: 1860
Compare to Titian’s Pastoral Concert.
T’s women are classically draped and avert their gaze, Manets clothes look recently removed and she stares at the veiwer.
Rejecting the poetic conciet of the Renassaince?
Artist: Monet
Title: Impression: Sunrise
Date: 1870
Impressionism: Immediate Reaction to nature(Landscape), Fugitive Light Effects(Sun on Water)
Compare: Constable’s Haywain sketches(Contable finished at studio… Monet left them as “unfinished” works. Brushiness.
Artist: Titian
Title : Flaying of Marsyas
Date: 1570
Late Italian Rennassaince, Painterly
Continuity of Figures and Atmosphere, Movement-Living and Breathing Life, Action of the Artist’s hand.
Velazquez is most similar/influenced Impressionists. Rembrandt different-built up layers of paint. El Greco’s Resurrection background collapsing/flattening simliar.
Artist: El Greco
Title: Resurrection
Date: 1600
Painterly Painting #2
Collapsing of Figure and Space, ala #1 Titian’s Marsyas 1570(movement), #3-Velazquez’ Las Meninas 1655(movement of light), #4-Rembrandt’s Return of the Prodigal Son 1665, #5-Monet’s Impression: Sunrise 1872(about immediate response to nature, possibly Action of Artist to Titian)
Artist: Monet
Title: Regatta at Argenteuil
Date: 1870
Impressionism
Light effects-Reflection of House and Sails.
Painterly: We can actually count the strokes,
Artist: Monet
Title: Rouen Cathedral, Full Sun and Grey Weather
Date: 1894
Impressionism: Fugitive Light effects-Light Changes Form, Architecture isn’t the point. Painterly-Loosness of Technique
Artist: Monet
Title: Women in the Garden
Date: 1865
Impressionism? Contradicts disdain for middle class leisure, borders on Realism(it’s his early work though), Less Painterly.
Artist: Monet
Title: RailRoad Bridge
Date: 1870
Impressionism: Fugitive Light Effects.
Realism: middle class created by industrialization
Compare to Constable’s Haywain’s peasants, Middle class didn’t exist, now got to the countryside by train.
Watteau’s Cythera
Rococo
Imaginary Aristocrats of fictional land
Monet’s real middle class people in actual countryside, considered radical
Impressionist’s had art shows outside of Academy Salon’s, similar to Courbet’s who had one show.
Artist: Renoir, Pierre-Auguste
Title: Le Moulin de la Galette
Date: 1875
Impressionism:
Fugitive Light Effects, informal order/not balanced, liked pretty and pleasant.
Less Painterly than Monet. Monet was more about landscape, Renoir painted more figures.
Artist: Manet, Edouard
Title: A Bar at the Folies-Bergere
Date: 1880
Impressionism:
Some Imps were still critical, Daumier’s ThirdClass,
Manet kept illusionism, critique-low paying service jobs
Velazquez’ Las Meninas Mirror(king and queen),
Artist: Edgar Degas
Title: Absinthe
Date: 1876
Impressionism
less light, More About POV.
Lower Class Couple, Dark Subject
Nothing Contained, Open Form(A-tectonic)
Forshortening of Table tops, Recession?
Artist: Degas
Title: The Tub
Date: 1886
Impressionism
2D representation of 3D, steeply foreshortened, Shelf as picture plane, Open Form/Framing, Tight Space
Artist: Cezanne, Paul
Title: Self-Portrait
Date: 1879
Post-Impressionism/Modernism-Formalist
Crit: Imp was too much about light/superficial
Aimed for more balanced and durable mastery
What characteristics define Modernism?
1880-1970
Formalist: Form investigating 2D surface/3D world (Degas, Cezanne), leads to complete Abstraction/NonRepresentation, Art for Arts’ sake
Expressionism: Desire to express self, Stimulate Emotion/feeling.
Post-Impressionism: Def Mod
Impressionism: sometimes Mod
Artist: Cezanne
Title: House in Provence
Date: 1880
Mod-Formalism/Post-Impressionism - More Structure than Monet’s Imp. Diagonal. Still Large Brushstrokes, though.
Color: pre-cursor to Fauvism? uses cool colors to achieve modeling, instead of adding black/white to tint, Blue Shadow
Artist: Cezanne
Title: The Basket of Apples
Date: 1895
Mod-Form-Post-Imp
Bottle Centered, Brush More ordered than Monet, less ordered than House in Provence. Outline-Manet’s Olympia to flatten form to 2D
Table’s perspective rejected rules(Degas), but still classical form.
Artist: Cezanne
Title: Mont Sainte-Victoire
Date: 1885
Post-Imp/Mod-Form
uses different colors to depict depth.
Traditional Landscape: Green Fields/Blue Mountain
2D: Flattens/collapses pictorial space. Tree Branches follow form of mountain top(puzzled together like El Greco Resurrection)
Artist: Cezanne
Title: Mont Sainte Victoire
Date: 1900
Post-Imp/Mod-Form
only hints at perspective, otherwise entirely 2D representation.
Influences Picasso’s cubist phase.
Artist: Seurat
Title: Bathers at Asnieres
Date: 1880
Mod-Form/Post-Imp/Neo-Imp/Pointilism
Pursuit of Stability, Intential Geometry of Form and Composition, No Movement
Contrast: Degas’ Absinthe is intentionally unbalanced.
Artist: Seurat
Title: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
Date: 1885
Post-Imp/Mod-Form/Neo-Imp/Pointilism
Serious through Science, Geometry of comp/forms
Island was actually filthy/rowdy
Artist: Gauguin
Title: The Vision of the Sermon (Jacob wrestling with the Angel)
Date: 1888
Post-Imp: No Pictorial Space/Flattened, 2D forms(pre-industrial inspiration)
Color: Ground is RED
Spiritual Separation, desired return to harmony
Artist: Gauguin
Title: Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?
Date: 1900
Post-Imp/Mod-Formal AND Expressionism? Formal Elements to Express an idea.
Flattened 2D, Harmony outside corrupt European Culture
Artist: Van Gogh
Title: Night Cafe
Date: 1888
Post-Impressionism: Still Natural world, but Formal, Loose Brush(Monet), Abandoned Perspective(Degas), went for oppression of room
Spiritual Dislocation(Gauguin), but on a personal level.
Color as Expression(Red/Green: Terrible Passions of Humanity)
Cafes: criminals
Artist: Van Gogh
Title: Starry Night
Date: 1890
Post-Imp: formal/diagonal/Large Brush Strokes
Turbulence, Nature by Force of Spirit
“An entire body of work can revolve around a personal vision”
What is Expressionism?
1900-1935
No longer an interest in representing 3D world on 2D cavas.
Exaggerated Color, Geometric Forms to evoke subjective emotional responses or ideas.
inspired by Post-Imp Munch’s The Cry
Artist: Derain, Andre
Title: London Bridge
Date: 1905
Fauvism: “Wild Beasts” Expressionism
Color! Abandoned convention. (Cezanne initiated, Derain took it further)
Artist: Matisse, Henri
Title: Woman with the Hat
Date: 1905
Fauvism/Mod-Expressionism
Abandonment of Naturalism with regard to color.
Artist: Matisse
Title: Joy of Life
Date: 1905
Fauvism/Mod-Expressionism
Color of Derain, Flattening Outlines of Olympia, Planar quality of Poussin, Pleasantry of Renoir.
Artist: Matisse
Title: Red Studio
Date: 1910
Fauv/Mod-Expressionism: abandoned color norms in favor of evoking ideas/emotions with exaggeration
Status of Artist: Velazquez, Courbet(allegory)
Abandoning Naturalism of color and Perspective.
What is Cubism?
1905-1920
Characterized by a fragmentation of Forms/seeing object from multiple angles at the same time. Reducing all 3 Dimensions to 2D surface.
Artist: Kandinsky
Title: Improvisation No.30
Date: 1915
Expressionism
Abstracted very far from color and form and representation.
Evoke spiritual communication through color alone
Artist: Kandinsky
Title: Composition VIII
Date: 1925
Pure Abstraction
Painting like music.
Artist: Picasso
Title: Gertrude Stein
Date: 1907
pre-Cubism: line behind figure/chair?Shadow?
Artist: Picasso
Title: Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon
Date: 1907
Picasso rejection of Matisse: (Real Unpleasant World, Angular/Denied Continuity of form)
Picasso Takes Manet’s Olympia further(Gaze of all 5 women)
Artist: Braque, Georges
Title: The Portuguese
Date: 1911
Cubism: Fragmented Form. Analytic: Collapse pictorial space. broke down objects into individual elements, Musical Arrangement/Painting
Artist: Picasso
Title: Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler
Date: 1910
Cubism-Analytic: Fragment object,
Artist: Picasso
Title: Still Life with Chair Caning
Date: 1911
Synthetic Cubism: Complex Compostion from Simple Parts, Collage, Print, letters, joined with Analytic Cube, Rejection of Linear Perspective
Artist: Picasso
Title: Three Musicians
Date: 1921
Cubism:
Flattened Planes of color, Locked together like collage, Painting like music
Artist: Picasso
Title: Three Women at the Spring
Date: 1921
Illusionism of Renassaince
Artist: Picasso
Title: Guernica
Date: 1937
Cubist Abstraction: Flattened 3D forms,
Manet, Cezanne, Picasso, Braque
Artist: Mondrian
Title: Red Tree
Date: 1908
Cubism as Launching Point, Post-Imp: Brushstrokes-Monet, Fauvism: Color. Collapsing pic space-Cezanne
Artist: Mondrian
Title: Composition in Line and Colour
Date: 1913
Pure Pattern: Analytic Cubism
Color as subtle pictorial depths
Artist: Mondrian
Title: Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow
Date: 1930
Abstraction: less depth, pure color, in motion?
Artist: Jean Arp
Title: Collage arranged by the laws of chance
Date: 1920
Dada: Reject everything, Noise music scene, Scathing Critique, nothing means anything, so fuck it.
Dada lead to Surrealism
Artist: Duchamp
Title: Fountain
Date: 1917
Dada, Readymade, denying mastery
Artist: Max Ernst
Title: Europe after the Rain
Date: 1940
Surrealism: more systematic that dada, more nihlist, dreams, subconscious
Artist: Max Ernst
Title: Two Children are Threatened by a Nightengale
Date: 1925
Surreal: Question dream or reality
Ren: behind frame. Baroque: optically extend past frame. Surreal: literally extends beyond frame for sake of confusion
Artist: Salvador Dali
Title: Persistence of Memory
Date: 1930
Surrealism: subconscious, attitude more than style
Artist: Jackson Pollack
Title: Lavender Mist
Date: 1950
Abstract Expressionism: Physical Action of painter(compare to Titian: Flaying of Marsyus)
NO BRUSHWORK…painterly essay.
Artist: Rothko
Title: No.14
Date: 1960
Abstract Expressionism, Color Field
Artist: Rauschenberg
Title: Canyon
Date: 1960
Neo-Dada
Consumerism, questions what art is(duchamp)
Iconography, mirroring, redwhiteblue, dead bird
Artist: Warhol
Title: Marilyn Diptych
Date: 1960
Pop Art: Consumerism, Mass Production
Artist: Warhol
Title: Five Deaths Twice
Date: 1963
Pop Art? The Factory: Mass Production(Status of Artist as Tycoon), Consumerism(Politics), SilkScreen(painterly)
Essay: Status of the Artist
Durer-Self Portrait 1498
Rembrandt-Self Portrait-1640
Velazquez-Las Meninas-1656
Courbet-Allegory
Andy Warhol-Artist as CEO
Essay: Art and Politics
War
Class
Mythology
Limbourg Bros(Iluminated Manuscripts) separation of rich and poor 1415-class
Bruegel: Hunters in the Snow 1565-class
Alberti:Triumphal Arch of Constantine?
Rubens: Arrival of Marie d Medici 1622(Mythology)
Rubens: Allegory of the outbreak of war 1638-war
David: Oath of the Horatii 1785-war, nationstate
David: Death of Marat: Revolution-1790-war
Gericault-Raft of Medusa-1820-class
Picasso: Guernica(spanish airplane bombing of civilians, devastation)1920-war
Essay: Art and Religion
Bernini: Ecstacy of St. Theresa 1645
Essay: Naturalism
Linear Perspective/Mannerism/Realism
Van Eyck: Giovanni Arnolfini and Bride
