Final Exam MC questions

Question 1

We can have a multiple baseline design across three entities. Which is NOT one of those entities:
a. Participants
b. Settings
c. Behaviors
d. Conditions

Answer 1

D. Conditions

Question 2

When we establish two or more steady baselines and apply the intervention to one participant, setting, or behavior at a time, we are using which design?
a. ABAB
b. Alternating treatments
c. Multiple baseline
d. Changing criterion

Answer 2

C. Multiple Baselines

Question 3

We guess where the first baseline data path would keep going, and then determine if there is a distance between the predicted and actual data in the intervention phase. Which level of visual analysis in a multiple baseline design is this?
a. Prediction
b. Replication
c. Verification

Answer 3

A. Prediction

Question 4

We guess where the second baseline data path would keep going, and then determine if there is a distance between the predicted and actual data in the intervention phase. Which level of visual analysis in a multiple baseline design is this?
a. Prediction
b. Replication
c. Verification

Answer 4

C. Verification

Question 5

In a multiple baseline design, when baseline data in the 2nd and 3rd tiers stay at baseline levels even when intervention is applied in earlier tiers, and change only when the intervention is applied at that tier, we call this:
a. Prediction
b. Replication
c. Verification

Question 6

Which of the following statements about multiple baseline designs is NOT true:
a. Extend the “verification window” for increased experimental control
b. Start intervention after the most stable baseline first
c. If experimental control is lost, conduct more experimentation
d. Ensure at least five replications before evaluating verification

Question 7

Which is the most common number of tiers in multiple baseline designs
a. 2
b. 5
c. 3-5
d. More than 5

Answer 7

C. 3 -5

Question 8

Which is true about the multiple baseline across participants design?
a. It is strong and common
b. It is weak and common
c. It is strong and uncommon
d. It is weak and uncommon

Answer 8

B. It is weak and common

Question 9

When baseline data are not collected every session, this is most likely a:
a. Reversal design
b. Multiple baseline design
c. Multiple probe design
d. Changing criterion design

Answer 9

C. Multiple probe design

Question 10

In a multiple baseline across settings design, if we get generalization across settings, we ___ experimental control
a. Have
b. Lost

Answer 10

B. Lost

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a reason for using a multiple probe design?
a. There is zero responding in baseline
b. There is a high chance of reactivity (presence of observer influencing behavior)
c. The measurement requires too much time
d. The previously published studies used that design

Answer 11

D. The previously published studies used that design

Question 12

The most important time to include baseline data in a multiple probe design is:
a. In the first session
b. After an effect was observed at a higher tier
c. After a vacation

Answer 12

B. After an effect was observed at a higher tier

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT true of a “probe”?
a. It is an intermittent data point
b. It includes assessment but not teaching
c. It includes assessment and teaching

Answer 13

C. It includes assessment and teaching

Question 14

When baselines in Tiers 2 and beyond begin at later points than Baseline in Tier 1, this is called:
a. Multiple baseline design
b. Multiple probe design
c. Nonconcurrent multiple baseline design
d. Delayed multiple baseline design

Answer 14

D. Delayed Multiple Baseline Design

Question 15

If baseline does not span before and after the introduction of the independent variable in the previous tier,
a. You have replication, but not verification
b. You have replication and verification
c. You have no replication or verification

Question 16

Which is a stronger design?
a. Multiple baseline design
b. Delayed multiple baseline design

Answer 16

A. Multiple Baseline Design

Question 17

When three AB designs evaluating the same dependent variable and independent variable are conducted sequentially in time and have different lengths of baseline, and then stacked on top of each other, this is best referred to as:
a. Multiple baseline design
b. Delayed multiple baseline design
c. Nonconcurrent multiple baseline design
d. Multiple probe design

Answer 17

C. Nonconcurrent Multiple Baseline Design

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT true of the nonconcurrent multiple baseline design?
a. Appropriate when a concurrent MB design is not feasible
b. Controls for maturation, but not for history effects
c. Allows prediction and replication, but not verification
d. Is stronger than a concurrent multiple baseline design

Answer 18

D. Is stronger than a concurrent MB design

Question 19

True or false: A multiple baseline design is good for demonstrating the effects of an intervention, but not for an in-depth analysis of that intervention
a. True
b. False

Answer 19

A. True

Question 20

An initial baseline is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive levels of behavior required for reinforcement. This is a description of which design?
a. ABAB
b. Alternating treatments
c. Multiple baseline
d. Changing criterion

Answer 20

D. Changing Criterion

Question 21

In a changing criterion design, experimental control is demonstrated when:
a. The level of responding matches each new criterion
b. There is prediction, verification, and replication
c. There is a distance between the data paths
d. When there is a change in the dependent variable when, and only when, the independent variable is applied

Answer 21

A. the level of responding matches each new criterion

Question 22

True or false: For increased experimental control, it is good to vary the lengths of phases.
a. True
b. False

Answer 22

A. True

Question 23

In a changing criterion design, if there is low variability, can have ___ criterion changes.
a. Small
b. Large

Answer 23

B. Large

Question 24

In a changing criterion design, after many successful phase changes, returning to a previous criterion level is a way to achieve
a. Prediction
b. Replication
c. Verification

Question 25

The changing criterion design is most useful for interventions that involve
a. Systematic desensitization
b. Communication training
c. Problem behavior reduction
d. Feeding protocols

Answer 25

A. Systematic Desensitization

Question 26

True or false: In a changing criterion design, you can evaluate the training of a new skill
a. True
b. False

Answer 26

B. False

Question 27

If reinforcement is contingent on a behavior that is different than the previous two behaviors, this is which schedule of reinforcement?
a. Lag 2
b. VR 2
c. FR 2
d. VI 2

Answer 27

A. Lag 2

Question 28

Which dimension of ABA means we have to tie our practices back to the basic principles of behavior?
a. Analytic
b. Technological
c. Conceptually systematic
d. Parsimony

Answer 28

C. Conceptually Systematic

Question 29

The first step in determining experimental control in an ABAB (Reversal) design is:
a. Prediction: draw a line extending the first baseline data, determine if there is a distance between the predicted an actual data in the first intervention phase
b. Verification: determine if the data in the second baseline phase return to (or towards) the level in the first baseline phase
c. Replication: draw a line extending the second baseline data, determine if there is a distance between the predicted an actual data in the second intervention phase

Answer 29

A. Prediction `

Question 30

The third step in determining experimental control in an ABAB (Reversal) design is:
a. Prediction: draw a line extending the first baseline data, determine if there is a distance between the predicted an actual data in the first intervention phase
b. Verification: determine if the data in the second baseline phase return to (or towards) the level in the first baseline phase
c. Replication: draw a line extending the second baseline data, determine if there is a distance between the predicted an actual data in the second intervention phase

Answer 30

C. Replication

Question 31

In an ABAB design, if there is prediction but no verification, you:
a. Are done with the analysis: there is experimental control
b. Are done with the analysis: there is no experimental control
c. Determine if there is replication to make conclusions about experimental control

Answer 31

b. Are done with the analysis: there is no experimental control

Question 32

We base decisions about prediction, verification, and replication on:
a. Level
b. Level and trend
c. Level, trend, and variability

Answer 32

c. Level, trend, and variability

Question 33

True or false: When determining verification, the second baseline data need to return to the exact same levels as the first baseline data
a. True
b. False

Answer 33

B. False

Question 34

A researcher ____ make small adjustments to the independent variable during a study
a. Can
b. Cannot

Answer 34

A. Can

Question 35

With dangerous behavior, it is a good idea to implement a second baseline for ___ sessions.
a. Many
b. Few

Answer 35

B. Few

Question 36

When looking at a graph quickly and the data seem to overlap between baseline and intervention, it is a good idea to:
a. Conclude no experimental control
b. Examine the data closely for prediction, verification, and replication

Answer 36

B. Examine the data closely for prediction, verification, and replication

Question 37

When a researcher wants to evaluate an intervention that is already in place, which design is appropriate:
a. AB
b. ABAB
c. BAB

Answer 37

C. BAB

Question 38

Which of the following is the strongest design?
a. AB
b. ABAB
c. BAB

Answer 38

B. ABAB

Question 39

When researchers discover that planned conditions do not control behavior, they may introduce new conditions. Which condition sequence is most representative of this:
a. ABAB
b. BAB
c. ABACABAC
d. AB

Answer 39

c. ABACABAC

Question 40

A potential limitation of evaluating multiple treatments is “sequence effects.” The best way to rule out control by condition sequence is to:
a. Implement the same condition for two phases in a row
b. Change the order of conditions with each new participant
c. Evaluate the treatments and then implement baseline sessions
d. Evaluate no more than four treatments in one study

Answer 40

b. Change the order of conditions with each new participant

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the reversal design:
a. Unethical to remove effective interventions
b. Some behaviors do not return to baseline levels when the intervention is removed
c. It is difficult to compare interventions
d. Can have prediction and verification but not replication

Question 42

The rapid alternation of two or more independent variables while measuring a dependent variable is a description of which experimental design?
a. ABAB
b. Alternating treatments
c. Multiple baseline
d. Reversal

Answer 42

b. Alternating treatments

Question 43

How do we know if there is experimental control in an alternating treatments design graph?
a. Using prediction, verification, and replication
b. There is a substantial distance between the data paths
c. There is a substantial distance between the predicted and actual data paths
d. There is a change in the dependent variable when, and only when, the independent variable is applied

Answer 43

b. There is a substantial distance between the data paths

Question 44

Functional analyses are most often analyzed using which experimental design?
a. Reversal
b. Alternating treatments
c. Multiple baseline
d. AB

Answer 44

B. Alternating Treatments

Question 45

True or false: In an alternating treatments design, we can conclude experimental control if there is some overlap in the data
a. True
b. False

Answer 45

A. True

Question 46

When determining experimental control in an alternating treatments design graph, distance between the data paths is most important:
a. On the left side of the graph
b. In the middle of the graph
c. On the right side of the graph

Answer 46

C. On the right side

Question 47

Which best depicts a correct example of the order of conditions A and B in an alternating treatments design:
a. ABABABABAB
b. AAAAABBBBB
c. ABABAABABB
d. BBBBBAAAAA

Answer 47

a. ABABABABAB

Question 48

True or false: A no-treatment control condition is required in an alternating treatments design
a. True
b. False

Answer 48

b. false

Question 49

True or false: A baseline is required in an alternating treatments design
a. True
b. False

Answer 49

b. false

Question 50

Sometimes, researchers add a final phase to an alternating treatments design with the:
a. Best treatment
b. Worst treatment
c. Control condition

Answer 50

A. Best Treatment

Question 51

One treatment influencing the effects of another treatment in an alternating treatments design is referred to as:
a. History effects
b. Sequence effects
c. Multiple treatment interference
d. Multiple baseline interference

Answer 51

C. Multiple treatment interference

Question 52

One treatment influencing the effects of another treatment in an alternating treatments design can be ruled out by:
a. Comparing only two treatments
b. Including an extended baseline phase
c. Including a no-treatment control condition
d. Isolating the more effective treatment in a final phase

Answer 52

d. Isolating the more effective treatment in a final phase

Question 53

The extent to which the researcher implemented the intervention according to how it was written is called:
a. Treatment integrity
b. Interobserver agreement
c. Reliability
d. Social validity

Answer 53

a. Treatment integrity

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT a reason to collect treatment integrity data:
a. To ensure changes in behavior are due to the written protocol
b. To increase confidence in concluding a functional relation
c. To ensure clinicians implement treatments accurately
d. To ensure data collection procedures are implemented consistently

Answer 54

b. To increase confidence in concluding a functional relation

Question 55

Research has shown that the _____ the integrity with implementing a treatment procedure, the ______ the learning of the participants.
a. higher, worse
b. lower, worse

Answer 55

b. lower, worse