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PNS > Final Exam Material > Flashcards

Final Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

Curare

A
  • Alkaloid that Blocks Ach receptors
  • Leads to Paralysis
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2
Q

Tetanus Toxin

A
  • Preferentially blocks presynaptic release of GABA
  • Leads to loss of control of motor neurons (can’t prevent them from firing)
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3
Q

Nicotine

A
  • Alkaloid that activates Ach receptors
  • Gives you a buzz
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4
Q

Strychnine

A
  • Alkaloid that blocks chloride channels of glycine receptors (convulsant)
  • Blocking glycine causes excess electrical activity
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5
Q

Protein Synthesis

A
  • Required for long-term memory
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6
Q

LTD

A
  • AMPA receptors removed from post synaptic membrane
  • Opposite mechanism of LTP
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7
Q

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

A
  • Alkaloid that blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels
  • Found in Alabama garter snakes, but not those in California
  • Also found in puffer fish
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8
Q

Picrotoxin

A
  • Alkaloid that blocks GABA receptors
  • Fish eat “fish berries” with picrotoxin and convulse
  • Was used to amp up horses
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9
Q

Xanax

A
  • Facilitates GABA receptor activation
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10
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Most widespread excitatory neurotransmitter
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11
Q

GABA

A
  • Synthesized from glutamate by GAD
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12
Q

Alpha-bungarotoxin

A
  • Blocks (n)Ach receptors, which causes paralysis
  • Made by snakes
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13
Q

5 alkaloids

A
  1. Strychnine
  2. Nicotine
  3. Curare
  4. Picrotoxin
  5. TTX
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14
Q

Botulinium Toxin

A
  • Botulinum toxin specifically cleaves these SNAREs, so prevents neurosecretory vesicles from docking/fusing with the nerve synapse plasma membrane and releasing their neurotransmitters
  • Kind of just attacks everything and kills you
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15
Q

Snare proteins

A
  • Involved in synaptic release
  • Begin with “sy”
  • E.g., synaptobrevin, which is a protease that cleaves other proteins
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16
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A
  • Slow, low weight
  1. Ach, GLU, GABA(B) (all low-weight)
  2. Biogenic amines:
  • TYR (ends in “ine” or “in”:
    • Dopamine (movement, coordination, motivation, reward)
    • Norepinephrine & Epinephrine: Stress, sleep
    • Serotonin: Well-being, sleep, appetite
  • large gene fam
  • channel is linked to receptor
  • phosphorylation through tyrosine
17
Q

Scorpion Toxin

A
  • Attacks voltage-dependent Na channels, blocking the “inactivated state” which leads to prolonged activation of action potentials
  • Can ultimately lead to death
18
Q

Substance-P

A
  • Peptide involved in pain
  • Neurotransmitter that is broadcast to more than one post-synaptic target
  • Neurotransmitter that has its action stopped by a protease
19
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Peptide involved in making love and maternal behavior
20
Q

Opiate-like peptides

A
  • Sites that opiates/morphene compete with
  • E.g., Enkephalin
21
Q

Angiotensin II

A
  • Peptide involved in blood pressure control
22
Q

Apamin

A
  • Peptide formed in bees
  • Effects K+ channels (SK K+ channel) involved in sensing pain
  • Causes increase in frequency of APs, leading to pain
23
Q

Conus Snail

A
  • Evolved thousands of peptide toxins that can block Na, K, …channels
  • Harpoons fish which stops them in their tracks
24
Q

Epilepsy

A
  • Caused by a gain of function mutation that causes sodium channels to take longer to inactivate, therefore increasing activity
  • Prolonged excitation of cells
25
Q

Hyperkalemia Periodic Paralysis

A
  • Greater Na+ channel openings at the muscle cell resting potential
  • Due to excess K+ in cell?
26
Q

NaV1.7

A
  • Na+ channel gene that specializes in sensory neurons that carry pain
  • Gain of function mutation to this gene changes threshold of APs so they occur more readily (excruciating pain)
  • Loss of function mutation to this gene causes an inability to feel pain
27
Q

KCNLQ family

A
  • 6 members, expressed both in brain and in heart
  • One mutation causes LQT syndrom
28
Q

Long QT syndrome

A
  • Caused by either loss-of-function or dominant-negative potassium channel mutations
  • Causes cardiac arrhythmia
29
Q

Benign familial neonatal convulsions

A
  • Benign seizures that go away when older
  • Caused by mutation in gene encoding a voltage-gated potassium channel
30
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A
  • Lowers length constant by decreasing membrane resistance due to autoimmune attack on myelin
31
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A
  • Autoimmune response against ionotropic Ach receptors
  • Leads to muscle weakness
32
Q

Generalized Epilepsy with Febrile Seizures

A
  • Sodium channel transition into the inactivated conformation is slowed
33
Q

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

A
  • Autoimmune response against pre-synaptic calcium channels
34
Q

Non-selective cation channels

A
  • Ach receptor (hetero-pentameric)
  • Glutamate
  • TRP (tetrameric)
  • Serotonin receptor (hetero-pentameric)
35
Q

3 types of non-selective/ non-specific glutamate cation channels

A
  1. AMPA (hetero-pentameric
  2. Kainate (hetero-pentameric)
  3. NMDA (tetramer)

PNS (2 decks)

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