Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Intro to Epidemiology > Final Exam Material > Flashcards

Final Exam Material Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious disease

A

A disease caused by a microorganism (infectious agent) and therefore potentially transferable to humans or animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Communicable disease

A

An infectious disease that is contagious and can be transmitted from one source to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epidemiologic triangle

A

Host, Time, Agent, Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Agent

A

A microorganism capable of producing an infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Infectivity

A

Capacity of an agent to enter and multiple in a susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Host response

A

Clinical
- fatal
-clinical/severe
-moderate/mild
Subclinical
- exposure without infection
-infection without illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell Response

A

Discernible
- lysis
-cell transformation
Below Visual
- incomplete viral maturation
-exposure without cell entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Capacity of an agent to cause active clinical disease of the infected host

= total # of cases with clinical disease / total # of exposed to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity, severity of disease after infection

= total # of cases with clinical disease / total # of subclinical to severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Direct Transmission

A

direct contact, droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Airborne, vector borne, vehicle borne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Host

A

a person that is susceptible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acquired Active Immunity, Natural

A

antibodies developed in response to an infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acquired Active Immunity, Artificial

A

Antibodies developed in response to a vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acquired Passive Immunity, Natural

A

Antibodies received from mother through breast milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acquired Passive Immunity, Artificial

A

Antibodies received from medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Active Transferred protective immunity, Natural

A

Infection by the agent, long lasting immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Passive Transferred protective immunity, Natural

A

antibodies repassed to fetus during pregnancy/ breast feeding

immediate temporary immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Active Transferred protective immunity, Artificial

A

results from an injection of a vaccine, long lasting immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Passive Transferred protective immunity, Artificial

A

preformed antibodies given to exposed individuals, temporary immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Environment

A

The domain in which disease-causing agents may exist, survive, or originate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Physical Environment

A

Weather, Temp., Humidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Social Environment

A

behavioral or cultural characteristics of a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reservoirs

A

the habitat in which infectious agents live, grow, and multiply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Environmental Reservoirs
plants, soil, contaminated food/water
26
Animal Reservoirs
literally any animal/insect/rodent
27
Human Reservoirs
acute clinical cases
28
Carriers
people with inapparent infections who never develop the illness but transmit it to others
29
Incubatory Carriers
people who are going to become ill but begin transmitting before their symptoms start
30
Convalescent carriers
people who continue to be infectious after they recover
31
Chronic Carriers
people who continue to harbor infections for a year or longer after their recovery
32
Super Spreaders
someone who is responsible for infecting many people (80/20 Rule)
33
80/20 Rule
20% of all individuals within a population are responsible for 80% transmission of a pathogen
34
Incubation Period
time interval between exposure to age and appearance of first symptoms
35
Generation time
time interval between exposure to infectious agent and maximal infectivity
36
Epi Curves
plot the distribution of cases by time of onset
37
point source
persons exposed to the same common source over abroad period (meal/event)
38
continuous common source
exposure not confined to one point in time, occur over multiple incubation periods
39
Intermittent source
multiple peaks, no relation to incubation period
40
propagated source
no common source, transmission via direct or intermediate host, multiple peaks separated by 1 incubation period
41
Prevalence
number of existing cases of disease at one point in time = total # of persons ill/ total # in group
42
Incidence Rate
number of new cases that develop in a population over a definitive time = total # of new cases over a period / total population at risk in same period
43
Attack Rate
Proportion of crop that experiences the outcome under study over a given period = (total # ill / total # of ill + total # well) x 100%
44
Secondary Attack Rate
index of the spread of disease in a family/household = # of new cases - initial cases / # of susceptible persons - initial cases
45
Case Fatality Rate
index of virulence, how many people who had disease X died from disease X? = (# of deaths due to disease X / # of cases of disease X) x 100%
46
Cause-Specific Fatality Rate
How many people in the population died from disease X? = (frequency of disease X / population size at midpoint time) x given multiplier
47
Basic Reproductive rate
measure the number of infections produced (on avg.) by an infected individual measures contagiousness
48
New Cases
initial cases + secondary cases
49
Initial Cases
index cases + co-primaries
50
Index Case
case that first comes to the attention of public health authorities
51
co-primaries
cases related so closely in time that they are considered to belong to the same generation of cases
52
secondary cases
persons who became ill after the disease had been introduced into the population. infected by primary case
53
Investigation of Infectious Disease Outbreaks
1. Establish the existence of an outbreak 2. Verify the diagnosis 3.Construct a working case definition 4. Find cases systematically and record information 5. Perform descriptive epidemiology 6. Develop hypothesis 7. Evaluate hypothesis epidemiologically 8. Reconsider, refine and re-evaluate hypothesis 9. Implement control and prevention measures 10. Communicate findings
54
Communicate Findings
oral briefings, situation reports
55
Implement control and prevention measures
control measures directed towards more than one segment in the chain of transmission
56
Reconsider, refine, reevaluate hypothesis
look for common links, use specific control groups, consider modes of transmission
57
Evaluate Hypothesis Epidemiologically
compare hypothesis w/ established facts, cohort studies, case control studies
58
Develop Hypothesis
address: age, mode of transmission, exposures MUST BE TESTIBLE
59
Perform Descriptive Epidemiology
epi curve, plot maps, characterize person
60
Find cases systematically and record info
passive and active surveillance
61
passive surveillance
send letters and ask for reports
62
active surveillance
telephonic or visiting facilities to collect additional cases
63
Construct a working case definition
a standard set of criteria for deciding whether an individual should be classified as having the health condition of interest
64
verify the diagnosis
review the clinical findings and lab results
65
establish the existence of an outbreak
is this group of related cases that are a part of an outbreak or a single sporadic case?
66
Prevention Strategies
Primordial, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
67
Primordial Prevention
avoid the development of risk factors in the first place
68
Primary Prevention
keeps the disease process from becoming established by eliminating or reducing cases of disease
69
Secondary Prevention
interrupt the disease process before it becomes symptomatic
70
Tertiary Prevention
limits the physical and social consequences of symptomatic disease
71
Screening
detects potential disease indicators, targets large number of asymptomatic individuals, simple and cheap
72
Diagnostic
establish presence/absence of disease, costly, definite results
73
Mass screening
screens entire population regardless of risk status
74
Selective Targeted Screening
screen specific groups who are high risk
75
Characteristics of a Good Screening Test
simple, rapid, inexpensive, safe, acceptable
76
Reliability (precision)
the ability of a measuring instrument to give consistent results on repeated trials
77
Validity (accuracy)
the ability of a measuring instrument to give a true measure
78
True Positive
the individual has the condition and screened positive for the condition
79
False Positive
the individual does not hav the condition but screened positive for the condition
80
False Negative
the individual has the condition, but screened negative
81
True Negative
the individual does not have the condition and screened negative for the condition
82
Measures of Validity
sensitivity, specificity, clinical relevance, accuracy, prevalence
83
Sensitivity
proportion of people who test positive among all those who actually have the disease = true positives (a)/ diseased (a+c) x 100%
84
Specificity
proportion of people ho test negative among all those who actually do not have the disease = true negatives (d)/ false positives and true negatives (b+d) x 100%
85
Predictive Value +
the probability that following a positive screening that individual will have that disease = true positives (a)/ true positives and false positives (a+b) x 100%
86
Predictive Value -
the probability that following a negative screening test, that individual will not have that disease = true negatives (d)/ false negatives and true negatives (c+d) x 100%
87
Accuracy
the degree of agreement between the test result and the gold standard = (a+d)/ (a+b+c+d) x 100%
88
Prevalence
the number of existing cases of a disease or condition in a population during a period of time = (a+c)/ (a+b+c+d) x 100%
89
Sources of BIas
lead time, length, selection
90
Lead Time Bias
the perception that the screen detected case has a longer survival because the disease was identified early
91
length bias
disease identified through screening has lower less aggressive course and is therefore a better prognosis
92
Selection Bias
Motivated participants have a different probability of disease than those who refuse to participate
93
Effects of Prevalence of disease on screening test results
when prevalence falls the predictive value + falls and predictive value - rises
94
Study Designs used in Environmental Epideiology
Descriptive, Analytics, Selection of research population, collection of exposure data, endpoints for occupational exposures
95
endpoints for occupational exposures
morbidity, mortality (comparison of mortality rates of exposed workers to non exposed workers in the same field)

Intro to Epidemiology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions