Final Exam (Lecture Exam 4) Flashcards
What is dermal tissue?
outside tissue
What is vascular tissue?
tissue that transports sugar and water
What is ground tissue?
filter tissue (function depends on placement)
Explain mycorrhizal relationships with plant nutrition
thread-like strands surround the root and increase absorptive surface area
Explain root nodules and their importance in plant nutrition
small swellings filled with bacteria that fix nitrogen for the plant
What is the role of the endodermis?
to regulate what enters vascular tissue
What role does the Casparian strip have?
the waxy band creates a barrier
What’s the function of the plant cuticle?
keep and store water
What are the structure and functions of roots?
Functions: anchorage and support, mineral nutrient and water absorption, reproduction, food storage
Structure: cells are added to root length and cap, root cap and root cortex
What are the structure and functions of stems?
Functions: primary (in meristem tissue) and secondary growth
Structure: long tube used for growth
What are the structure and functions of leaves?
Structure: dermal tissue, stomata
Functions: gas exchange in stomata
What is meristem tissue?
site of primary and secondary growth in stems
What is primary growth?
elongation of the stem and roots that all plants undergo in the meristem tissue
What is secondary growth?
growth in plant width, mitosis pushes cells out; wood is secondary xylem
How does water move through roots to leaves?
water evaporates from the cells in the leaf and out the stomata, water molecules stick to one another and to the walls of xylem cells, this creates a water tension and molecules move up through xylem
What are xylem cells?
cells that transport water and minerals (xylem sap), dead
What are phloem cells?
cells that transport sugar (phloem sap), alive
What are stomata cells?
cells on the bottom of leaves that allow gases to enter for gas exchange
What is the pressure-flow mechanism in plants?
sugar is loaded from the source cell to the phloem by active transport, sugar concentration increases, water moves by osmosis, then at a sink call the sugar is unloaded out of the phloem, water then moves back into the phloem
Extracellular Digestion
nutrients are broken down outside the cell in specialized compartments
Intracellular Digestion
enzymes break down food inside the cells
Incomplete Digestion System
cavity or sac with a single opening serves as a mouth and anus, includes a gastrovascular cavity (coral, hydra, flay worms)
Complete Digestive System
a tube extending between two openings, a mouth and an anus (a more diverse and specialized diet)
What animals have highly modified digestive systems?
herbivores, carnivores, ruminants and birds
What is the function of the human stomach?
mix and store food, store 2 liters of food and water, and controls the passage of the small intestine
How is food absorbed in the small intestine?
the duodenum (smallest section) receives enzymes from the liver and pancreas, the jejunum utilizes secretions from the duodenum for digestion
What are villi and microvilli?
Villi: finger-like projections on the wall of the intestine
Microvilli: tiny projections on epithelial cells of villi
What are the animal teeth types?
Carnivores:
Reduced incisors
Enlarged canines for sheering flesh
Molars are reduced
Rodents:
Large incisors to knaw food
No canines
Molars to grind food
Grazing animals:
Incisors are for specialized for clipping off plant material
Canines are absent
Molars are massive with grinding surface
Omnivores:
teeth are relatively unspecialized
What is the type of gas exchange in animals?
entire body surface (no circulatory system or diffusion into the circulatory system), tracheal system (air tubes that extend throughout the body), gills (specialized for water), lungs (pair of internal, thin-walled, moistened sacs)
What makes bird gas exchange efficient?
gas exchange occurs in their lungs, lungs are connected to a series of air sacs
What makes gills efficient?
the gills hold the weight of the water
What is the inhalation process?
the diaphragm relaxes, increasing space in chest cavity, pulls air into lungs
What is the tracheal system for insects?
the movement of insects allows for oxygen to enter faster, their circulatory system is only used for nutrient transport
What is the nasal cavity?
lined with hair and mucus that filter dust; warms and moistens air
what is the pharynx (throat)?
epiglottis filters food and air
what is the larynx?
voicebox, shape can change based on air pressure
what is the trachea?
windpipe, ribbed to prevent collapsing
what is the bronchi?
one of the two tubes that join the trachea to lungs
what are the bronchioles?
highly branched for gas exchange, “little trees”
what are the alveoli?
cup-shaped sacs at the end of the bronchioles that are covered with capillaries
What is an open circulatory system?
no capillaries, hemolymph (circulating fluid that directly contacts tissues), some cells have no oxygen
What is a closed circulatory system?
have capillaries, blood is contained within vessels, blood is separate from interstitial fluid, more efficient flow
What is the benefit of the 4 chambered heart?
two separate chambers, 2 receiving and ventricles.
Two chambered: fish, sharks, and rays
Three chambered: amphibians and reptiles
Four chambered: mammals, birds and crocidiles
What are the 4 components of blood and what does each do?
Plasma
Red blood cells: erythrocytes, transport oxygen and carbon
White blood cells: leukocytes, fight infections
Platelets: stops leaks in circulatory system
Explain the right atrium
the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body
Explain the right ventricle
the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs by the pulmonary artery (transport away from the heart)
explain the left atrium
the left atrium fills with oxygen-rich blood
explain the left ventricle
the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body through aorta (the largest job)
what do arteries do?
carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body
What are arterioles?
small arteries
what do capillaries do?
the site of diffusion that occurs across the thin walls
what are veins?
large-diameter vessels
what are venules?
smallest veins that receive blood from capillaries
what is a biosphere?
all of earth that is inhabited by life
what influences climate?
incoming solar radiation, global air circulation
What are the difference in intensity at the poles and the equator?
the poles have a low angle of sunlight, at the equator, the sunlight is directly overhead
Compare the temperatures at each latitude
0 degrees: wet
30 degrees north and south: dry
60 degrees north and south: wet
poles: dry
Tropical rainforest
found by the equator, 78-100 inches of rain yearly, tall trees or plants that grow on other plants, animals camouflage climb or fly
Desert
near 30 degrees north and south, less than 12 inches of rain yearly, plants are widely spaced out (cactus), animals burrow and have large ears to regulate body heat
Arctic Tundra
upper latitudes, less than 6 inches of rain yearly, herd migration, mostly perennial plants
Alpine tundra
15 inches of rain yearly, very windy and grassy, no trees due to high solar radiation
What is permafrost?
permanently frozen soil with no decomposition that stores carbon dioxide
lake ecosystems
eutrophic and oligotrophic lakes, freshwater biomes
river/stream ecosystems
have a current in one direction, water picks up nutrients and oxygen, cold and clear
coral reef
cousin to kelp forest, warm shallow nutrient-poor waters, high productivity and biodiversity
intertidal biome
current-crashing waves, high nutrients and productivity, animals have hard shells and suckers on their foot
kelp forest biome
cold nutrient-rich waters, high productivity, and biodiversity
abyssal biome
new species 2 miles beneath the ocean surface, bioluminescence due to lack of light
hydrothermal vent biome
cracked open the earth’s crust, volcanic rock has heat, chemoautotrophic bacteria
open ocean biomes
phytoplankton, diatoms, and dinoflagellates support open oceans
what is lake turnover?
mixes water from seasons and lifts nutrients, adds oxygen to deep water. cold water has a lower density than hot water which allows for turnover
eutrophic lakes
clear lakes, shallow and warm, nutrient-rich, high productivity and high levels of sunlight, high algae bloom
oligotrophic lakes
deep and cold, nutrient-poor, low productivity, more oxygen
Tinbergen’s 4 questions
Proximate Behavior: (how)
1. Mechanism - what elicits the behavior?
2. Ontogency - how does a behavior develop during an animal’s life?
Ultimate Questions: (why)
3. adaptive value - How does the behavior aid in survival and reproduction?
4. phenology - how did it evolve over the history of the species?
proximate v. ultimate causes
proximate: immediate reason for behavior
ultimate: evolutionary causes
what is a fixed action pattern?
the sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus (male stickleback fish attack each other, red underbelly is a sign stimulus)
habituation learning
animals learns not to respond to repeated stimulus that conveys little/no information
spatial learning
establishment of a memory associated with spatial awareness of environment
associative learning
animals associate one feature of environment with another (treats with dogs)
social learning
learning through observations of others (mammals, primates)
kin selection
natural selection that favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success of relatives
altruism
adaptive if aided individual returns favor in future
what is a community
an assemblage of all the living organisms interacting in an area
what is a niche
role a species plays in the community (top predator, producer, etc)
what is a species’ habitat?
where a certain species is found
what is symbiosis?
‘living’ together, negative or positive interactions of species
what is a commensalism relationship?
one species benefits significantly, while the other is neither helped nor harmed (turkey vultures sit on trees, and trees aren’t harmed)
what is mutualism?
both species benefit (pollination)
what is predation?
the animal eats another animal (lioness)
what is herbivory?
animals eat a plant (koalas, the driving force of evolution)
what is a parasite/host relationship?
parasite lives/gets nutrients from a living host; the host is dying or injured (mistletoe)
what is interspecific competition?
competition between two different species (for food and shelter)
what is intraspecific competition?
competition between the same species (for mates, resources)
what is the competitive exclusion principle?
if there are two species that use the same resources, one will always be outcompeted (study with paramecium caudatum and aurelia, aurelia survived and paramecium was eliminated)
what is resource paritioning?
niche differentiation allowing two different species to exist (shone birds with different beak lengths)
what is primary succession?
changes in a community that begins in an area where soil is not yet formed (glaciers or volcanic rock)
what is secondary succession?
changes in a community that occurs where an existing community has been cleared (fire disturbance)
what is the keystone species concept?
an ecologically dominant species dictates community structure and diversity (sea star community: Robert Paine 1966, sea otters and kelp forest)
what is an invasive species?
organisms that have been introduced into non-native habitats by human actions and have established themselves at the expense of native communities
what are producers?
make energy from the sun available for use by other organisms
what are consumers?
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, decomposers (have to eat producers or eat other organisms to get energy)
what are gross and net primary productivity?
gross: the total amount of energy captured through photosynthesis (only 1% is captured and used)
net: stored energy in tissues after loss to aerobic respiration
what is the second law of thermodynamics?
whenever energy is converted from one form to another, some is lost in the form of heat and thus can’t perform work, (rule of ten: 10% of energy is passed from one level to the next)
energy flow versus nutrient cycling
energy flow: sets the energy budget for ecosystems, from the sun in one direction
nutrient cycling: carbon dioxide, oxygen and nutrients are cycled
the nitrogen cycle
essential for plant growth and required by all animals; nitrogen gas turned into nitrate, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (cyanobacteria), decomposition
the carbon cycle
lots of carbon sources, not a lot of uses except photosynthesis, greenhouse effect traps incoming energy in the form of heat. stored in ocean, soil and plants
