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Biology 10 > Final Exam (Lecture Exam 4) > Flashcards

Final Exam (Lecture Exam 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

outside tissue

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2
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

tissue that transports sugar and water

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3
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

filter tissue (function depends on placement)

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4
Q

Explain mycorrhizal relationships with plant nutrition

A

thread-like strands surround the root and increase absorptive surface area

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5
Q

Explain root nodules and their importance in plant nutrition

A

small swellings filled with bacteria that fix nitrogen for the plant

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6
Q

What is the role of the endodermis?

A

to regulate what enters vascular tissue

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7
Q

What role does the Casparian strip have?

A

the waxy band creates a barrier

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8
Q

What’s the function of the plant cuticle?

A

keep and store water

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9
Q

What are the structure and functions of roots?

A

Functions: anchorage and support, mineral nutrient and water absorption, reproduction, food storage
Structure: cells are added to root length and cap, root cap and root cortex

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10
Q

What are the structure and functions of stems?

A

Functions: primary (in meristem tissue) and secondary growth
Structure: long tube used for growth

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11
Q

What are the structure and functions of leaves?

A

Structure: dermal tissue, stomata
Functions: gas exchange in stomata

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12
Q

What is meristem tissue?

A

site of primary and secondary growth in stems

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13
Q

What is primary growth?

A

elongation of the stem and roots that all plants undergo in the meristem tissue

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14
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

growth in plant width, mitosis pushes cells out; wood is secondary xylem

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15
Q

How does water move through roots to leaves?

A

water evaporates from the cells in the leaf and out the stomata, water molecules stick to one another and to the walls of xylem cells, this creates a water tension and molecules move up through xylem

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16
Q

What are xylem cells?

A

cells that transport water and minerals (xylem sap), dead

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17
Q

What are phloem cells?

A

cells that transport sugar (phloem sap), alive

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18
Q

What are stomata cells?

A

cells on the bottom of leaves that allow gases to enter for gas exchange

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19
Q

What is the pressure-flow mechanism in plants?

A

sugar is loaded from the source cell to the phloem by active transport, sugar concentration increases, water moves by osmosis, then at a sink call the sugar is unloaded out of the phloem, water then moves back into the phloem

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20
Q

Extracellular Digestion

A

nutrients are broken down outside the cell in specialized compartments

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21
Q

Intracellular Digestion

A

enzymes break down food inside the cells

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22
Q

Incomplete Digestion System

A

cavity or sac with a single opening serves as a mouth and anus, includes a gastrovascular cavity (coral, hydra, flay worms)

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23
Q

Complete Digestive System

A

a tube extending between two openings, a mouth and an anus (a more diverse and specialized diet)

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24
Q

What animals have highly modified digestive systems?

A

herbivores, carnivores, ruminants and birds

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25
Q

What is the function of the human stomach?

A

mix and store food, store 2 liters of food and water, and controls the passage of the small intestine

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26
Q

How is food absorbed in the small intestine?

A

the duodenum (smallest section) receives enzymes from the liver and pancreas, the jejunum utilizes secretions from the duodenum for digestion

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27
Q

What are villi and microvilli?

A

Villi: finger-like projections on the wall of the intestine
Microvilli: tiny projections on epithelial cells of villi

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28
Q

What are the animal teeth types?

A

Carnivores:
Reduced incisors
Enlarged canines for sheering flesh
Molars are reduced
Rodents:
Large incisors to knaw food
No canines
Molars to grind food
Grazing animals:
Incisors are for specialized for clipping off plant material
Canines are absent
Molars are massive with grinding surface
Omnivores:
teeth are relatively unspecialized

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29
Q

What is the type of gas exchange in animals?

A

entire body surface (no circulatory system or diffusion into the circulatory system), tracheal system (air tubes that extend throughout the body), gills (specialized for water), lungs (pair of internal, thin-walled, moistened sacs)

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30
Q

What makes bird gas exchange efficient?

A

gas exchange occurs in their lungs, lungs are connected to a series of air sacs

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31
Q

What makes gills efficient?

A

the gills hold the weight of the water

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32
Q

What is the inhalation process?

A

the diaphragm relaxes, increasing space in chest cavity, pulls air into lungs

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33
Q

What is the tracheal system for insects?

A

the movement of insects allows for oxygen to enter faster, their circulatory system is only used for nutrient transport

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34
Q

What is the nasal cavity?

A

lined with hair and mucus that filter dust; warms and moistens air

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35
Q

what is the pharynx (throat)?

A

epiglottis filters food and air

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36
Q

what is the larynx?

A

voicebox, shape can change based on air pressure

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37
Q

what is the trachea?

A

windpipe, ribbed to prevent collapsing

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38
Q

what is the bronchi?

A

one of the two tubes that join the trachea to lungs

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39
Q

what are the bronchioles?

A

highly branched for gas exchange, “little trees”

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40
Q

what are the alveoli?

A

cup-shaped sacs at the end of the bronchioles that are covered with capillaries

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41
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

no capillaries, hemolymph (circulating fluid that directly contacts tissues), some cells have no oxygen

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42
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

have capillaries, blood is contained within vessels, blood is separate from interstitial fluid, more efficient flow

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43
Q

What is the benefit of the 4 chambered heart?

A

two separate chambers, 2 receiving and ventricles.
Two chambered: fish, sharks, and rays
Three chambered: amphibians and reptiles
Four chambered: mammals, birds and crocidiles

44
Q

What are the 4 components of blood and what does each do?

A

Plasma
Red blood cells: erythrocytes, transport oxygen and carbon
White blood cells: leukocytes, fight infections
Platelets: stops leaks in circulatory system

45
Q

Explain the right atrium

A

the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body

46
Q

Explain the right ventricle

A

the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs by the pulmonary artery (transport away from the heart)

47
Q

explain the left atrium

A

the left atrium fills with oxygen-rich blood

48
Q

explain the left ventricle

A

the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body through aorta (the largest job)

49
Q

what do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body

50
Q

What are arterioles?

A

small arteries

51
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

the site of diffusion that occurs across the thin walls

52
Q

what are veins?

A

large-diameter vessels

53
Q

what are venules?

A

smallest veins that receive blood from capillaries

54
Q

what is a biosphere?

A

all of earth that is inhabited by life

55
Q

what influences climate?

A

incoming solar radiation, global air circulation

56
Q

What are the difference in intensity at the poles and the equator?

A

the poles have a low angle of sunlight, at the equator, the sunlight is directly overhead

57
Q

Compare the temperatures at each latitude

A

0 degrees: wet
30 degrees north and south: dry
60 degrees north and south: wet
poles: dry

58
Q

Tropical rainforest

A

found by the equator, 78-100 inches of rain yearly, tall trees or plants that grow on other plants, animals camouflage climb or fly

59
Q

Desert

A

near 30 degrees north and south, less than 12 inches of rain yearly, plants are widely spaced out (cactus), animals burrow and have large ears to regulate body heat

60
Q

Arctic Tundra

A

upper latitudes, less than 6 inches of rain yearly, herd migration, mostly perennial plants

61
Q

Alpine tundra

A

15 inches of rain yearly, very windy and grassy, no trees due to high solar radiation

62
Q

What is permafrost?

A

permanently frozen soil with no decomposition that stores carbon dioxide

63
Q

lake ecosystems

A

eutrophic and oligotrophic lakes, freshwater biomes

64
Q

river/stream ecosystems

A

have a current in one direction, water picks up nutrients and oxygen, cold and clear

65
Q

coral reef

A

cousin to kelp forest, warm shallow nutrient-poor waters, high productivity and biodiversity

66
Q

intertidal biome

A

current-crashing waves, high nutrients and productivity, animals have hard shells and suckers on their foot

67
Q

kelp forest biome

A

cold nutrient-rich waters, high productivity, and biodiversity

68
Q

abyssal biome

A

new species 2 miles beneath the ocean surface, bioluminescence due to lack of light

69
Q

hydrothermal vent biome

A

cracked open the earth’s crust, volcanic rock has heat, chemoautotrophic bacteria

70
Q

open ocean biomes

A

phytoplankton, diatoms, and dinoflagellates support open oceans

71
Q

what is lake turnover?

A

mixes water from seasons and lifts nutrients, adds oxygen to deep water. cold water has a lower density than hot water which allows for turnover

72
Q

eutrophic lakes

A

clear lakes, shallow and warm, nutrient-rich, high productivity and high levels of sunlight, high algae bloom

73
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

deep and cold, nutrient-poor, low productivity, more oxygen

74
Q

Tinbergen’s 4 questions

A

Proximate Behavior: (how)
1. Mechanism - what elicits the behavior?
2. Ontogency - how does a behavior develop during an animal’s life?
Ultimate Questions: (why)
3. adaptive value - How does the behavior aid in survival and reproduction?
4. phenology - how did it evolve over the history of the species?

75
Q

proximate v. ultimate causes

A

proximate: immediate reason for behavior
ultimate: evolutionary causes

76
Q

what is a fixed action pattern?

A

the sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus (male stickleback fish attack each other, red underbelly is a sign stimulus)

77
Q

habituation learning

A

animals learns not to respond to repeated stimulus that conveys little/no information

78
Q

spatial learning

A

establishment of a memory associated with spatial awareness of environment

79
Q

associative learning

A

animals associate one feature of environment with another (treats with dogs)

80
Q

social learning

A

learning through observations of others (mammals, primates)

81
Q

kin selection

A

natural selection that favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success of relatives

82
Q

altruism

A

adaptive if aided individual returns favor in future

83
Q

what is a community

A

an assemblage of all the living organisms interacting in an area

84
Q

what is a niche

A

role a species plays in the community (top predator, producer, etc)

85
Q

what is a species’ habitat?

A

where a certain species is found

86
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

‘living’ together, negative or positive interactions of species

87
Q

what is a commensalism relationship?

A

one species benefits significantly, while the other is neither helped nor harmed (turkey vultures sit on trees, and trees aren’t harmed)

88
Q

what is mutualism?

A

both species benefit (pollination)

89
Q

what is predation?

A

the animal eats another animal (lioness)

90
Q

what is herbivory?

A

animals eat a plant (koalas, the driving force of evolution)

91
Q

what is a parasite/host relationship?

A

parasite lives/gets nutrients from a living host; the host is dying or injured (mistletoe)

92
Q

what is interspecific competition?

A

competition between two different species (for food and shelter)

93
Q

what is intraspecific competition?

A

competition between the same species (for mates, resources)

94
Q

what is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

if there are two species that use the same resources, one will always be outcompeted (study with paramecium caudatum and aurelia, aurelia survived and paramecium was eliminated)

95
Q

what is resource paritioning?

A

niche differentiation allowing two different species to exist (shone birds with different beak lengths)

96
Q

what is primary succession?

A

changes in a community that begins in an area where soil is not yet formed (glaciers or volcanic rock)

97
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

changes in a community that occurs where an existing community has been cleared (fire disturbance)

98
Q

what is the keystone species concept?

A

an ecologically dominant species dictates community structure and diversity (sea star community: Robert Paine 1966, sea otters and kelp forest)

99
Q

what is an invasive species?

A

organisms that have been introduced into non-native habitats by human actions and have established themselves at the expense of native communities

100
Q

what are producers?

A

make energy from the sun available for use by other organisms

101
Q

what are consumers?

A

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, parasites, decomposers (have to eat producers or eat other organisms to get energy)

102
Q

what are gross and net primary productivity?

A

gross: the total amount of energy captured through photosynthesis (only 1% is captured and used)
net: stored energy in tissues after loss to aerobic respiration

103
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

whenever energy is converted from one form to another, some is lost in the form of heat and thus can’t perform work, (rule of ten: 10% of energy is passed from one level to the next)

104
Q

energy flow versus nutrient cycling

A

energy flow: sets the energy budget for ecosystems, from the sun in one direction
nutrient cycling: carbon dioxide, oxygen and nutrients are cycled

105
Q

the nitrogen cycle

A

essential for plant growth and required by all animals; nitrogen gas turned into nitrate, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (cyanobacteria), decomposition

106
Q

the carbon cycle

A

lots of carbon sources, not a lot of uses except photosynthesis, greenhouse effect traps incoming energy in the form of heat. stored in ocean, soil and plants

Biology 10 (1 decks)

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